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Essay on The Spanish Armada - 2030 Words

The Spanish Armada The Spanish Armada, also called the Invincible Armada (infra), and more correctly La Armada Grande, was a fleet (I) intended to invade England and to put an end to the long series of English aggressions against the colonies and possessions of the Spanish Crown; (II) it was however all but destroyed by a weeks fighting and a disastrous cruise; (III) this led to the gradual decadence of the maritime power of Spain; (IV) Catholics on the whole supported the Armada, but with some notable exceptions. I. ENGLISH PROVOCATION At the commencement of Elizabeths reign (1558) Philip had been her best friend. His intercession helped to save her life after Wycliffes†¦show more content†¦In 1568, a Spanish ship having put into Plymouth with pay for the whole of the Spanish army in Flanders, the money was seized by the English government. Here ensued reprisals on both sides, trade was paralyzed, and war was on the point of breaking out, both on the occasion of the Northern rising (1569) and at the time of the Ridolfi conspiracy in 1571. The imprudent Spanish ambassador, Don Gerau Despes, was then expelled from England, Philip having previously dismissed from Spain the Spanish ambassador, Dr. Mann, an apostate priest, whose selection was naturally considered an insult. Whilst the Spanish fleet was fighting the cause of Christianity against the Turks at Lepanto (1572), Drake thrice sacked the almost defenseless colonies on the Spanish Main, from which he returned with enormous booty (1570, 1571, 1572-73 ). Slightly better relations between the two countries ensued toward the close of this decade, when Elizabeth feared that, with the decay of Spanish power in the Netherlands, France might conquer the country for herself. So in 1578 a Spanish ambassador was received in London, though at the same time Drake was allowed to sail on his great buccaneering voyage around the world. On his return public opinion began to condemn aloud the master-robber of the New World, but Elizabeth exerted herself warmly in his favor, gave him the honorShow MoreRelatedThe Armada Of The Spanish Armada1200 Words   |  5 Pages THE SPANISH ARMADA Armada Portrait Queen Elizabeth I The Armada Portrait Buy at Allposters.com The defeat of the Spanish Armada is one of the most famous events in English history. It was arguably Queen Elizabeth s finest hour. For years she had been hailed as the English Deborah, the saviour of the English people, and now it seemed that this is what she had really become. She was now Bellona, the goddess of war, and in triumph she had led her people to glory, defeating the greatest power inRead MoreEssay about Spanish Armada1365 Words   |  6 Pagesreligions of Europe were trying to spread its reach to new parts of the world and each had countries pushing each religion as much as they could. The Anglo-Spanish War between England and Spain during 1585-1604 is a great example of this, although it was never official declared a war. One thing that made this war quite note worthy was the Spanish Armada, a fleet of 130-armed ship versus the well-trained navy of England. It is possible the world most famous naval battle and showed the true strength of EnglandRead MoreEssay on The Failure of the Spanish Armada709 Words   |  3 PagesThe Failure of the Spanish Armada The Armada could have succeeded the plan was simple and could have been effective. The Spanish had the strongest army in Europe and the English defences were not exactly good. The plan was very simple, but could have been deadly if it had worked. The main reasons for it not working out were the communication problems. The messenger ships travelled the same speed, as the Armada so they were nearly useless and the communication betweenRead More The Spanish Armada Essay759 Words   |  4 Pages The Spanish Armada also called the Invincible Armada, and more correctly La Armada Grande. It was a fleet intended to invade England and to put an end to the English aggression against the Spanish Crown. However it was a fatal mistake and after a week’s fighting the Spanish Armada was shattered, this led to the gradual decline in maritime power of Spain. Spanish powers dominated and influence much of the â€Å"known world† during the 16th Century. Spanish leader King Phillip II had reasons to eliminateRead MoreElizabeth I and the Spanish Armada Essay1352 Words   |  6 PagesElizabeth I and the Spanish Armada The cold, stormy night was all too familiar to the English. A devious plan by Spains king, Philip II, was being formed to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I of England and rid the world of the English heretics.1 It was a story of deception, false judgments, and poor planning. What was one kings dream turned into his countrys nightmare. While the Spanish had bad leaders, the English had good ones. The Spanish had bigger, but slower ships, while the English hadRead MoreThe Spanish Armada: Float or Flop?864 Words   |  4 PagesThe Spanish navy, also referred to as the Spanish Armada, was great in size and, to some extent, had well trained soldiers. Like most great things, the Spanish Armada was due in for its ultimate demise at the hands of the everlasting, powerful, British navy. Generally, the Spanish Armada was everything a great navy was, with a few weak links that mainly contributed to the Armada being defeated by the English navy. So, what exactly was the fleet known as the Spanish Armada? To answerRead MoreThe Spanish Armada By William Shakespeare1319 Words   |  6 PagesThe Spanish Armada is about a boat that set sail in July 1588 by the Spanish, and it was ordered by the catholic King Philip ii of Spain to invade England and take down the protestant Queen Elizabeth i. Queen Elizabeth i, was catholic but then became protestant. The Church did not like her decision and they wanted her to become catholic again, so the Pope encouraged King Philip ii of Spain if he could try to make England catholic again. King Philip agreed to do what the Pope had asked of him. ForRead MoreWhy Did the Spanish Armada Fail?763 Words   |  4 PagesWhy did the Spanish armada fail? Introduction The Spanish armada started in 1588 and finished around a month later. The Spanish lost dramatically for several reasons. This essay will tell you why the Spanish failed so badly and why England won. Admirals Medina Sidonia the Spanish admiral was not as strong as the English admirals Drake and Howard for a lot of reasons. This will have caused the Spanish a major setback from winning the Spanish armada because they would not have been as strong asRead MoreThe Spanish Armada Of King Philip II1413 Words   |  6 Pagespushed over the edge when they started pirating ships from the Spanish Netherlands (currently the Netherlands, formerly ruled by Spain) for goods. He sent over a mighty fleet commanded by Admiral Marquis of Santa Cruz and the Duke of Medina Sidonia to regain control of the North Sea and exterminate Protestantism. Despite being vastly outnumbered, due to ingenuity, skill, and luck, the English forces were able to overcome the Spanish Armada of King Philip II. King Henry VIII was in need of an heir toRead MoreWhy Did the Spanish Armada Fail?2271 Words   |  10 PagesWhy did the Spanish Armada Fail? The Spanish Armada is the name given to the giant flotilla of Spanish warships send by Spain’s Catholic King Philip II in 1588 to destroy Protestantism England under Elizabeth- though hindsight would say otherwise, the aim of the Spanish Armada was not intended for an all-out confrontation with the opposing English fleet- but rather to escort the vulnerable barges in which the Duke of Parma (a well respected and experienced general who had been fighting against Dutch

The UK Supermarket Industry is Influential and Enormous

Questions: 1. Environmental analysis Analyse the external environment of the chosen industry using appropriate strategy tools (PESTEL - and assess key drivers for change for the industry). 2. Industry analysis Carry out 5 Forces analysis and discuss attractiveness of the industry.3. Opportunities (Os) and Threats (Ts) deriving from analyses above. Answers: Introduction: The UK supermarket industry is influential and enormous. There are around 91,509 groceries in the UK (Connor and Lande 2012). The size of the market has been increasing very fast. The financial contribution of the super market is very high. The supermarket chain of the UK has become more concentrated towards making more profits out of the market. In this context, the researcher has provided the PESTEL analysis for analyzing the external environment of the super market industry. The opportunities and threats of the business have been discussed in a detailed manner. 1. PESTEL analysis: Political: The political factors have been affecting the super market chain of the UK. There are several political issues in the super market industry. The first political issue that affects the super market chain is the possibilities of Scotland becoming independent. The UK retailers have already identified the issue (Healy and Palepu 2012). They have stated that this issue could make huge impact on the supply chain, pension law and the extra administration cost. It could lead to the increasing pricing of the products in the market. The UK supermarket has not made business in the Scotland previously. Therefore, an independence of Scotland would causes the high pricing of the product and possibly loss in profit for the super market chain. Consequently, it could cause the loss in the supermarket chain. It could be prevented through applying reformed Scottish tax system (Matsuno and Mentzer 2012). It would make the switch seamless for the supermarket industry as Scotland offers lowers land and labor costs. Therefore, it could be profitable for the super market chain operating in Scotland. Another political factor that affects the super market chain is the possibility of UK leaving the European Union membership. It could make a large impact on the retail and grocery industry of the UK because leaving the European Union means leaving the trade zone. Several countries bring their products to the UK to sell in the super market (Verbeke 2013). Therefore, those countries may have the difficulties in selling their goods i n the market due to tariff. Customers might have to spend more money when purchasing from other European countries. The UK government could avoid this situation as they could allow the import of goods. Economical: The current economic state of the UK influences the supermarket industry. However, the economic condition has been gradually improving; there has been noticeable good price inflation throughout 2013 (Bentley et al. 2013). The fuel price has been increased and it causes the adverse effect on the supermarket chain as the transport cost increases. Another factor is high value of the real estate. The most of the UK supermarkets own two third of their stores as free holds. Social: The buying habit is a tradition for the consumers in the market. The tradition can play a major role to choose a particular organization for buying a product. Some people shop for maintaining their status in the society. Status symbol is a growing factor in the supermarket chain. Another interesting factor is corporate social responsibility. It creates impact on the consumer behavior (Buzan et al. 2014). Corporate social responsibility could improve the financial image of the super market industry. Technological: The technological advancement has brought a new concept of marketing. Through the engagement of technology, most of the people want to make shopping from online platforms. It is a time saving process for the buyers. Social media has played a vital role for the UK supermarket industry (Grant 2015). The super market has been using the online platform to promote their products in the market. Environmental: The pressure of the supermarket industry has been increasing in a proper way. The super market owners acknowledge s their responsibility towards providing the best service to the consumers in the market. The super market industry of the UK has to take the social responsibility for enhancing the brand image in the market. The corporate social responsibility plays a major part in the industry. Legislative: The UK legislation system has ordered a number of legislation system orders a number of laws to monitor the grocery industry. The government has applied the tobacco and alcohol using policies for the consumers (Hollensen 2015). The super market industry has been following this legislation policy to maintain the regulation of the government. The super market industry also follows the food and hygiene regulations. 2. Porters five forces analysis: Threat of new entrance: Any new entrants required to invest huge in order to settle down in the market. it takes the considerable time to make presence in the market. The UK government has restricted the super market industry in some ways. Therefore, the new entrants think lot more before investing in the super market industry. Moreover, the new companies would not be able to compete with the existing business force of the market as they have huge customers chain in the society. The power of Suppliers: Major grocery chains in the UK can identify the power of the suppliers. The fear of losing the business in the super market industry could consolidate the leading position of the stores. The suppliers have some instability in the market if they do not agree with the pricing strategy of the super market industry (Rothaermel 2015). If the suppliers do not agree with the supermarkets pricing policy then the suppliers will not be able to make business with the retailers. Bargaining power of customers: The super market giants of the UK have built their brand value in the market. Hence, it facilitates them in attracting more customers of the market. Customer retention is the primary focus of the supermarket industry in the UK. Customer retention helps the organization to achieve consumer loyalty. In recent years, the food retailing in the UK has been changed and it encourages the consumers to purchase the non-food item from the market (Wetherly and Otter 2014). It has provided new strategic expansion into new markets of banking, pharmacies, etc. Threat of Substitute products: Substitute products cannot entirely replace the existing product of the market. However, they could introduce the new technology or reduce the cost of the products to engage more customers for the business. Pricing down policy of the company could cause limit down the profits in an organization. In the super market industry, it is known that the new trends could weaken the substitute of needs. The smaller chain of the convenience stores is immerging in the market to get better outcome from the business. Existing rivalry between competitors: The grocery environment in the UK has been improving largely. It has been seen that operating in a flat market; the industry could face the difficulties to engage customers for the business. The new organizations have to fight against their competitors through applying various strategies. Through the engagement of attractive pricing policy, the industry could be able to enhance the productivity easily (Sadgrove 2015). In UK, several super market giants have been making business. Therefore, it is the biggest threat for the small and new company to take rivalry against them. 3. Opportunities and threats of the Supermarket: Opportunities: The opportunities suggest the external change that provides new openings or possibilities for the betterment of the supermarket industry. The primary opportunities of the supermarket industry in the UK are such as online marketing. The supermarket industry has been expanded in the UK day by day. Therefore, the industry has initiated to extend its demographic area through online marketing, as it is very effective to promote the product in short time. Another opportunity is the new service that facilitates the supermarket to meet their consumers needs properly. This service could help the industry to diversify their customer base. Fragmented market provides huge opportunities for the growth of the supermarket industry in the UK (Wetherly and Otter 2014). It facilitates to enhance the market share. In the fragmented market, many small organizations lack the cost advantages of the large companies. Moreover, the financial advantage allows the industry to expand business into other products and markets especially in the fragmented industries. Acquisition synergy is the difficult qualitative factor for defending, so that the competing institution could get the easy time to overcome it. Threats: The threat is an external change that posses a difficulty in the supermarket industry in the UK. The supermarket industry of UK has been facing several challenges. The bad economic condition of the country can damage the growth of the supermarket. It happens by reducing the number of the potential customers in the market. Bad economic conditions of the UK have negatively impact on the supermarket industry. The intense competition of supermarket could lower the profits since the competitors can take away the consumer with superior products (Verbeke 2013). The unstable currencies have made supermarkets investment difficult as the cost and revenue change randomly in the UK. Therefore, it is a difficult qualitative factor to overcome. International competitors are the threat of the existing supermarket organization in the UK. Many organizations have implemented modern technology in order to enhance the business growth in the large market place. The technical advancement has shaped the su permarket industry in the UK (Connor and Lande 2012). Therefore, the existing organization must improve their technology to make healthy competition in the market. 3 Conclusion: It can be concluded that the supermarket industry of UK has been facing some challenges and they have been trying to change their process of business by applying new strategies. In this context, the researcher has properly executed the industry analysis through using models and theory such as porter five forces, SWOT analysis. References: Bentley, K.A., Omer, T.C. and Sharp, N.Y., 2013. Business strategy, financial reporting irregularities, and audit effort.Contemporary Accounting Research,30(2), pp.780-817. Buzan, T., Griffiths, C. and Harrison, J., 2014.Mind Maps for Business Revolutionise your business thinking and practice. Connor, J.M. and Lande, R.H., 2012. Cartels as rational business strategy: Grant, R.M., 2015.Contemporary Strategy Analysis 9e Text Only. John Wiley Sons. Healy, P. and Palepu, K., 2012. Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. Cengage Learning. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Matsuno, K. and Mentzer, J.T., 2012. The effects of strategy type on the market orientation-performance relationship.Journal of marketing,64(4), pp.1-16. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill. Sadgrove, M.K., 2015.The complete guide to business risk management. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Verbeke, A., 2013.International business strategy. Cambridge University Press Wetherly, P. and Otter, D., 2014.The business environment: themes and issues in a globalizing world. Oxford University Press. Zikmund, W., Babin, B., Carr, J. and Griffin, M., 2012.Business research methods. Cengage Learning.

Principles of Fords Theory

Introduction A number of theories are often employed in organizational development to explain the efficiency companies. Ford’s theory is one such theory that has always been utilized in measuring the performance of the organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Fords’ Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The theory is based on the principles of Taylor’s theory and the ideas of Henry Ford, who was one of the engineers that shaped the manufacturing system in the motor industry. The theory suggests that efficiency is achieved through tight control of employee movement, as well as instituting adequate policies that would separate planning functions from executive tasks. Edwards (1990, p. 35) was of the view that ideas of Taylor were criticized for neglecting the role of employees in organizational development. Taylor’s management theory treated employees in an inhumane way since it viewed them as properties of the organization. In this regard, Ford’s theory was embraced as an alternative to the views of Taylor on management. As the name suggests, Henry Ford developed the theory during the post-war era in European. The theory was widely supported by the working class since it suggested a wage rise and domestic production, as opposed to external production. The theory respected the contributions of workers in the organization. Several organizations adopted Ford’s theory as a production model after it was applied successfully in the Ford Motor Company (Sobrero Roberts 2001, p. 499). Ford’s theory insisted on the development of production methods and manufacturing techniques.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ford was of the view that economic development would be sustained through integrating mass consumption into producti on accountabilities. This meant that the organization had to improve production processes in order to realize full benefits. In this regard, the welfare of workers had to be taken care of for the organization to sustain the market. In the motor industry, the idea of deskilling had to be adopted to ensure constant mass production and technological improvement. In the modern management systems, Ford’s ideas have continued to influence many organizations. Organizations utilize the ideas of Ford in order to tackle the contemporary demands of the highly competitive market. The modern market is very complex meaning that it needs improved operation management strategies. Consequently, businesses find themselves implementing lean management principles, the ideas related to flexible production systems, inventory systems, referred to as just-in-time inventory systems, and leaderless work groups in order to remain competitive. Hounshell (1984, p. 112) commented that the above factors ca n only be achieved through rapid manufacturing life cycles, globalization of customer merchandise and markets, and exhaustive merchandise and market segmentation and demarcation. This article aims at reviewing the ideas of Henry Ford, which have shaped the management systems in various parts of the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Fords’ Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article looks at the positive and negative impacts of Ford’s theory. Before delving into the positive and negative effects of the theory, the paper will first discuss the major principles of Ford’s theory. Principles of Ford’s Theory Hardy and Clegg (1996, p. 32) underscored the fact that skills are always expected to develop as organizations grow bigger. The organization tends to adopt the idea of specialization and division of labor, as each employee would want to be given a particular role to play. In this regard, functional units and positions in the organization would become differentiated. The best management will always try its best to ensure that customers are updated on the progress of the firm. Through this, the top officials of the organization would be proving that they care about the demands of customers. Customers on the other hand are always keen on the products they consume in the market. They can easily switch to different suppliers or even companies in case their demands are not met adequately. Based on this, Ford noted that the organization had to shift its focus from production of goods to customer satisfaction. In other words, the organization has to redefine its aims to focus on sustaining the market other than producing goods. Therefore, the role of the management is to differentiate its products in order to convene the needs of various customers. The management has no option, but to rethink and reformulate policies that would help it retain c ustomers.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cohen and Moore (2002, p. 13) suggested that a number of factors would have to be put into consideration for this to happen, including manufacturing and distribution processes, the utilization of technology in production, environmental conservation, and participative decision-making. Lowenstein (1997, p. 21) supported the ideas of Ford by arguing that for an organization to realize customer satisfaction, it has to adopt fine-tuned organizational restructuring. Many analysts are of the belief that Ford’ theory was an example of Taylor’s principles since the two applied similar styles of management. The main concern was production of goods and services, which had to be produced in mass. Fredrick Taylor insisted on the role of rationality and efficiency in the production of goods and services. His view was that the organization had to standardize its production systems in order to achieve high results. In this regard, the management had the role of ensuring that the produ ction system is organized since the workforce does not know the practical work of production. In one of the statements, Taylor noted that all possible brainwork ought to be detached from the shop and be focused on planning. The role of the boss is to draft executive policies. The role of the management is to select the best staff that would fulfill organizational goals and objectives. Those employed in the organization had to be competent, with adequate experience. In this view, the executive was the ‘denktank’ of the organization. Without an experienced management, the company would definitely suffer from sabotage. In this case, employees had no role to play in the running of the organization, apart from fulfilling the roles assigned to them by the top executive (Lowenstein 1997, p. 7). In other words, Taylor’s idea was focused on accomplishing the organizational objectives, as opposed to fulfilling the needs of the workforce. Consequently, the employee had to s eparate thinking from doing the work. The main function of the employee was to do the work, but not engaging in any form of thinking. This type of organizational practice discouraged innovation and creativity since employees were never given permission to come up with something new in their life. The idea behind this reasoning was that the employee would think more about his actions and would probably think of improving them. The employee had to work in the same way as machines in order to realize high results. However, the worker was not to assume that he or she is a robot. The relationship that existed between the worker and the employer was referred to as a social-technical relationship meaning that the two had different needs and aspirations. The major aim of the worker was to improve life while the organization was concerned with improving production. In other words, the organization looked for ways through which production would be improved while workers were concerned with th ings such as salary increment since it would improve their standards of living (Katsikeas, Schlegelmilch Skarmeas 2002, p. 762). To the contrary, workers at the time were never concerned with things such as over time and improved working conditions. This would definitely result to conflicts between the workforce and the management. Unlike Taylor’s theory, Ford’s idea was more concerned with the relationship between the worker and the employee. For instance, Ford came up with an idea of eight-hour policy, which meant that an employee had to work for only eight hours a day. Moreover, he came up with the idea that the employee had to be paid well in case the organization registers high returns. However, the social welfare of the employee would only increase with increased production. This was to facilitate a better profit of labor. For this to be attained, the management had to be hierarchical implying that the top management was superior to other junior management units . Just as Taylor’s principle, the power of the organization rested in the hands of the top management (Piore Charles 1985, p. 33). The top management was in charge of policy and decision-making processes. Employees were not given an opportunity to make decisions on major organizational tasks. Positive Effects of Ford’s Ideas The ideas of Ford contributed to economic development in various parts of the world. Before Ford’s theory, artisans, who had high understanding, mainly produced cars in the motor industry. The process of manufacturing vehicles took several weeks and even months. For instance, it took at least thirteen weeks to manufacture a single vehicle. For a single car to be produced, a team of highly trained personnel had to be consulted. This team would move from one organization to the other making cars and giving their contributions. This process was tiresome and mostly inefficient since the products manufactured were fewer. Later on, the production system was adjusted to ensure efficiency, but the plan was still unproductive. Employees would be stationed in one place and cars would be moved from one organization to the other. Employees had direct control over the production system since they determined the exact time that any good would be ready. Ford changed this production system since he established that production would be stronger in case the management takes over the process. He made two contributions, one of them being driving the mechanical assembly line while the other was assigning the production role to the management. The rate at which cars were produced depended on the management meaning that it had the major role of coming up with a plan that would ensure efficient production (Celly, Kamauff Spekman 1999, p. 299). For the management to control the production process, it had to employ three managerial practices. First, it had to ensure that the pace of production was up to the required standard. Secondly, scient ific management was to be applied in managing employees whereby they had to be treated as human beings, as opposed to machines. Finally, each employee had to be compensated based on the nature of the work. Some employees had incomparable skills that were extremely important in the organization. Such workers had to be taken care of to prevent their turn over, which would hurt the production process. Within a very short period, the ideas of Ford had taken over the running of many companies in North America and Europe. A number of companies dealing in household goods and electronics applied the ideas of Ford successfully. In the United States, an organization run by Ford employed over eighty-thousand people. The factory had adequate supply of raw materials, which enabled it to manufacture new brands of cars at a very high rate. Unfortunately, employees were intolerant to the working conditions, forcing them to quit. Ford was very wise since he understood that employees could be retaine d through salary increment (Lovelock Young 1979, p. 174). He ensured that the welfare of employees was taken care of, by allowing them to be consumers of the manufactured goods. Employees were given permission of accumulating their savings in the company in order to acquire a car. Through the ideas of Ford, the issue of market fragmentation emerged since the market was identified as a major issue in the production system. Before Ford’s principles, the market was less competitive since the goods produced were insufficient. The idea of mass production presented a new challenge to the management since it had to deal with competition and consumer satisfaction. The product had to be updated at intervals and timing was a critical issue. The management had to come up with ways through which it could engage the consumer in the production system. Through Ford’s ideas, modern organizations came to the realization that adaptability can be incorporated into the production process es. An organization can end up producing a number of products from the same set of raw materials and personnel. In terms of improving productivity, Ford proved that the management should be at the forefront in spearheading production. This implies that the production function should not be left to employees, but instead the top management should always take its control. In the modern managerial practices, the organization cannot apply the ideas of Ford in their purest form, but instead they are to be adjusted to suit the demands of the current market. In terms of coping with risks, the ideas of Ford could be applied validly to resolve various issues since employees are aware of the challenges. In an organization employing the ideas of Ford, each employee is expected to know the risks that the organization is likely to face. The introduction of change would probably bring about risks hence the management should develop some mechanisms that would help it in dealing with these problems effectively and quickly (Hashmi 2004, p. 82). Negative Effects Even though the ideas of Ford contributed to mass production, they brought about some problems that interfered with the normal functioning of organizations at the time. In fact, his ideas cannot be applied in the modern organization in their purest form. This means that they have to be interpreted to suit the demands of the modern organization. The major issue regarding Ford’s ideas is flexibility since he never considered the issue of change in his analysis. Flexibility is viewed from a number of perspectives. It can be viewed in terms of job flexibility, location flexibility, or even temporal flexibility. Ford’s management model does not facilitate flexibility since it is too rigid. Employees are instructed to perform a similar job for several years, which might result to boredom and subsequent turnover, which is a blow to the organization (Kotelnikov 2006, p. 41). Another problem related to Ford’ s idea is the issue of alienation. In fact, many scholars underscore the fact that Ford’s theory results to alienation of the workforce since employees of any organization are not involved in decision-making processes. Even though some analysts observe that alienation gives employees some kind of independence, the type of managerial skills suggested by Ford were out of balance since they excluded employees from the production process. Just as the views of Taylor suggested, employees were simply viewed as objects or tools of production in Ford’s model. In this regard, compliance should be differentiated from commitment (Martin 2005, p. 89). Ford misinterpreted commitment to mean compliance. Employees would be committed to the production process in case they are allowed to own it. Forcing them to do something would only make them comply with the organizational rules and regulations, but they would be comfortable doing what they like best. Studies show that human beings a re not usually willing to follow the ideas of others without conducting a critical review. In this case, people will always try as much as possible to express their ideas, even in difficult situations. This is an attempt to prevent domination, as well as advocate for freedom. Martin (2005, p. 95) was of the view that even prisoners of war will always try to express some independence, even though conditions might be unfavorable. Modern management theories suggest that the advantages of hiring or employing people in the organization must always outweigh the costs or the disadvantages of hiring. In this regard, the methods employed in controlling and directing the personnel should be efficient. Employees are considered the social capital of the organization hence they should be beneficial to the organization. They should have some freedom that would enable them to come up with new products. In other words, they should be creative and innovative. Instituting stricter laws would not allo w employees to develop new products. List of References Celly, KS, Kamauff, JW Spekman, RE 1999, †Technological Uncertainty, Buyer Preferences and Supplier Assurances: An Examination of Pacific Rim Purchasing Arrangements’, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 30, no. 2, pp 297-321. Cohen, S Moore, J 2002,†Today’s Buzzword: CRM†, Public Management, Vol. 82, no. 4, pp 10-31. Edwards, PK 1990, Understanding conflict in the labor process: the logic and autonomy of struggle, Houndmills: Macmillan. Hardy, C Clegg, S 1996, Handbook of organization studies, Sage, London. Hashmi, K 2004, Introduction and Implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM), Six Sigma LLC, London. Hounshell, D 1984, From the American System to Mass Production, 1880-1932, Johns Hopkins University, Press Baltimore. Katsikeas, CS, Schlegelmilch, BB Skarmeas, D 2002, â€Å"Drivers of Commitment and Its Impact on Performance in Cross-Cultural Buyer-Seller Relationships: The Importer’s Perspective†, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 33, no. 4, pp 757-801. Kotelnikov, V 2006, â€Å"Managing Your Value Chain: Receiving Raw Materials as Input, Adding Value, and Selling Finished Products to Customers†, Business Ventures, Vol. 5, no. 17, pp 38-67. Lovelock, CH Young, RF 1979, â€Å"Look to Consumers to Increase Productivity†, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 57. No. 2, pp 168-178. Lowenstein, MW 1997, The Customer Loyalty Pyramid, Westport, Quorum Books. Martin, J 2005, Organizational behavior and management, Thomson, Learning. Piore, MJ Charles, S 1985, Das Ende der Massen production, Wagenbach, Berlin. Sobrero, M Roberts, EB 2001, â€Å"The trade-off between efficiency and learning in inter-organizational relationships for product development†, Management Science, Vol. 47, no. 4, pp 493-511. This essay on Principles of Fords’ Theory was written and submitted by user Johnathan Knight to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom Winning the Right War essay

buy custom Winning the Right War essay Abraham Lincoln was a presidential hopeful of the Republican Party during the pro-1860 presidential campaigns. The North and the South differed on very many issues, and on most occasions, the North won. This essay highlights the key causes of the Civil War. Lincoln was elected as the President of the Union on November 6, 1860. Southern states like Alabama, Louisiana, Georgia, Texas, South Carolina, Mississippi, and Florida seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate (Wattenberg, Martin, and Lineberry 77). However, in his inaugural speech, Lincoln stated that he had not intentions of abolishing slavery or the Fugitive Slave Law. This statement angered the Northerners and by mid-April 1861, the Confederacy attacked Fort Sumter, and the federal forces retaliated, marking the launch of the Civil War. The primary factor that led to the war was economic disparities between the North and the South. During his presidential campaign, Lincoln used anti-slavery as his platform, an ideology that did not appeal to the Southerners. The Souths economy was based on plantation agriculture, and their main produce was cotton, a crop that was valued like gold both in the domestic and international market. Owners of huge plantations were very keen to sustain their rich lifestyle, thus; their heavy reliance on slavery. On the contrary, the North relied on industries and commerce and declined to use slavery as a source of labor. Most of the northerners controlled and owned ships, and trade routes, a very lucrative business at the time. They paid for labor and all the expenses in their commercial activities and industries. They felt that the southerners had an unfair edge, over them because they did not pay for labor. This difference in opinion could have been one of the causes that led to the Civil War. Although the South used free slavery, the North was in a better position financialy. The North had nothing to lose because they did not rely on slavery. In the Constitution and Declaration of Independence, all human beings were supposed to be free. Slavery was a very controversial issue because many people especially Northerners did not understand how a nation based on human freedom could allow slavery. Slavery was a key issue in the economic welfare of the South and abolition of the institution was out of order. The second issue involved taxation. The Rights of the Individual States was at risk over the issue of taxation. The Union demanded that, every state should collect taxes and deliver the revenue to the national government. Every state demanded that they should have representatives both in the Congress and in the House of Representatives. Although this happened, there was some element of dissatisfaction among people. Most of the Southerners felt that their voice was not heard in the national government. The South wanted lower taxes and subsidies because they grew crops like cotton that could not thrive in the North. They also felt that, the North priced their agricultural produce lowly, in a bid to control their financial well-being. The third issue was the differences sparked by the federalism versus the anti-federalism debate. In 1787, the novel Constitution was presented for ratification (Kennedy 82). Issues on interpretation of the Bill of Rights, a republic government, and the independence of the states had taken centre stage. This led to the formation of federalists (those who supported the ratification of the new constitution) and the anti-federalist (those against the constitution). Federalists included John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison while anti-federalists included Thomas Jefferson, George Clinton, Patrick Henry, and Elbridge Gerry. Federalists wrote articles in support of the Constitution (federalist papers) while anti-federalists wrote articles against the constitution (anti-federalist papers). In 17888, Federalists won, and George Washington was elected President with John Adams as his deputy. They took office in 1789 and went on to establish the first Congress and military machinery. Washington appointed Alex Hamilton as the Treasury Secretary while Thomas Jefferson was appointed as the State Secretary. Federalists like Hamilton wanted a powerful federal government while Jefferson wanted states to have more power than the federal government and a strong Bill of Rights. Hamilton proposed that the national government should clear debts owed by the states while Jefferson opposed because most Southern states had paid while the Northern states were slow in repaying the debt. The debts were paid and the government gave in to the demands of the south by moving the Capital of the Union from New York to the South of River Potomac, the current location of Washington D.C. (Gordon 17). Another main issue that caused extreme political differences between the federalists and anti-federalists was the creation of a national bank. Hamilton and his supporters used a loose clause in Article I to create a national bank. The anti-federalists argued that such a bank would put the elite close to a reserve meant for many people. In case of lack of control, the outcome would be very detrimental to the economy. The anti-federalists also opposed the imposition of tariffs on states. These tariffs were meant to act as a source of revenue for the federal government but the bill did not pass (Wood 536-537). In conclusion, economic issues like the use of slaves in the south led to growing tensions over an unfair labor advantage. The North relied on commerce and controlled the prices of commodities produced by the South. The South felt that they were targeted since they did not have economic subsidies and had to pay taxes. The strength that the Federalists had in the national government was not well accepted by the South and all these factors sparked Civil War. Buy custom Winning the Right War essay

Discover Study Habits That Support Your Learning Style

Discover Study Habits That Support Your Learning Style All students learn through a combination of seeing, hearing, and experiencing. However, for most students, one learning style stands out. Research has shown that students who study in a way that supports their learning style can perform better on tests and  improve their grades. For example, visual learners sometimes struggle during essay exams because they cant recall test material that was presented orally during class. However, if the visual learner uses a visual aid when studying, like a colorful outline of test materials, he or she may retain more information. Read on to discover the characteristics of and ideal learning strategies for each learning style. Visual Learner Characteristics Visual learners are those who learn through seeing. Visual learners typically share the following characteristics: Good at spelling, but forgets first namesFind quiet study time beneficialEnjoy colors and fashionDream in colorUnderstand visual elements and chartsAble to learn sign language easily Learning Suggestions for Visual Learners Draw a map of events in history or draw scientific process.Make outlines of reading assignments.Copy whats on the board.Diagram sentences.Use flashcards.Take notes and make lists.Watch videos.Mark up your notes with highlighters, underlines, and color coding. Test Types for Visual Learners Best test type: Diagram activities, map reading, essay tests, demonstrating a process.Worst test type: Listening tests Auditory Learner Characteristics Auditory learners are those who learn best through hearing. They typically share the following characteristics: Like to read out loudUnafraid to speak up in classGood at giving explanations and oral reportsRemember namesNotice sound effects in moviesEnjoy musicAble to follow spoken directionsStruggle to stay quiet for long periods of timeFocused in study groups Learning Suggestions for Auditory Learners Use word association to remember factsRecord lecturesWatch videosRepeat facts with eyes closedParticipate in group discussionsUse audio for language practiceRead your notes out loud after writing them Test Types for Auditory Learners Best test type: Oral exams and writing responses to lectures.Worst test type: Reading passages and writing answers in a timed test. Kinesthetic Learner Characteristics Kinesthetic learners are those who learn through hands-on experience. Kinesthetic learners typically share the following characteristics: Good at sportsCant sit still for longMay have sloppy handwriting.Learn well through lab and modeling activitiesStudy with loud musicEnjoy adventure books and moviesFidgety during lectures Learning Suggestions for Kinesthetic Learners Study in short blocksTake lab-based classesAct out your study notesTake field trips to reinforce knowledgeStudy in groupsUse flashcards and memory games Test Types for Auditory Learners Best test type: Short definitions, fill-in-the-blank questions, and multiple choice.Worst test type: Essay tests and any overly long tests.

Using Lean Six Sigma to Improve Hospital based, Outpatient Imaging Article

Using Lean Six Sigma to Improve Hospital based, Outpatient Imaging Satisfaction - Article Example Therefore, the paper focuses on improving the service of the imaging department and brings into consideration the expectations of patients regarding the hospital. Unlike any commercial business, where greeting the customer and asking him to pay another visit soon, shall be considered good, such is not the case of the healthcare industry. In order to create an experience in the mind of the patients, service has to be personalized and focused. Previously, the hospital had wrongly focused on the process, procedure, safety and time to deliver the service; however, recent analysis suggested that customer satisfaction is about the consistency in the smooth conduct of the process as well as behavior of the staff. In order to ensure that Methodist achieves its objectives, it has decided to adopt a process that involves six sigma approaches and includes steps that are Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control. Moreover, the customer satisfaction is the function of the service that is delivered to outpatients; therefore, the department has decided to pay special attention to these patients. Furthermore, the hospital uses Press Ganey service to assess its patient’s satisfaction.... The volume modality table seems to confirm the strategy of the hospital as outpatients seems to be the most frequent user of the machinery as compared to others while their share is approximately 50% in the case of Ultrasound, MRI and nuclear medicine. Thus in order to measure the performance in achieving those objectives, a more focused approach was laid down by reviewing the past data of outpatient imaging. The data revealed that the customer’s satisfaction has a very strong correlation with the time that the patient has to wait after being called down to testing area. Thus, based on this finding, a research was conducted that also confirmed the earlier finding. Therefore, the process was redesigned in order to improve efficiency in the system such that the lagging time shall be minimized. This was initiated by forming the workflow of all the four areas involved in the process which includes scheduling, registration, imaging and specific modality. However, more important in this regard was the communication regarding the appointments that were made with the patients since the time can be interpreted in more than one ways, while there used to a background noise that made communication difficult. In this regards, the email system was proposed as the solution to the problem. The most important part is the process of registration which used to take a lot of time due to its complex nature, such was simplified. Further, the outpatient was not being focused upon, as inpatient was being prioritized more over to outpatient regardless of the condition of the patients. To ensure further patient satisfaction, he will be communicated and briefed about the time the tests will start and details related to it. In case, he is late then he can be

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Strategic Management - Essay Example These initiatives normally revolve around resource allocation, utilization, and performance in the external environment of the business. Additionally, strategic management provides the opportunity for an organization to specify its mental picture, policies, objectives, mission and plans. It allocates the required resources for the execution of its programs, projects and plans (Sachs & Ru?hli 2011 p. 1). Furthermore, strategic management ensures the organization develops a balanced scorecard for the evaluation of its general performance. The scorecard also enables it to determine if it is progressing towards its set objectives and make the necessary changes or adjustments. However, for an organization to perform its strategic management process successfully, it must have the right paradigm. Importance of an organization’s "paradigm" for strategic management Several contemporary organizations today are operating in complex environments where there are frequent and sudden changes of structures. They need to decamp from their traditional management structures to adapt new approaches to management. Incidentally, the operating environment for most organizations faces stiff competition and massive explosion in the field of information technology. This requires that the company update its management paradigm to fit in the new era adequately (Kachru 2009, p. 48). The enhanced utilization of information technology has led to the emergence of knowledge or information based economy. This is partially responsible for the increase in complexities of organizations. Consequently, many organizations have resorted to changing their paradigms to adopt new organizational structures. This includes the changes in leadership and management practices. Additionally, technologies such as the internet, e-mail, voice mail and telecommuting have also contributed in the rebranding of the structures of organizations to encompass virtual offices, companies and teams (Kachru 2009, p. 92 ). The shift to the new organizational paradigms has several uses to the organization. The adoption of new technologies in the field of information science is making both intra-organizational, as well as inter-organizational communications simpler (Kachru, 2009, p. 93). Consequently, this eliminates the previous communication boundaries leading to a global market place that is borderless. The elimination of the market place boundaries can significantly reduce the command chains within organizational structures and paradigm. As a result, the organization will have free control spans by replacing its departments with stronger teams that have been empowered. This paradigm assumes an organizational structure whereby a flatten hierarchy replaces vertical boundaries as cross-functional teams replace functional departments. This is important to the organization because it consolidates the activities of the organization around centralized processes (Kachru 2009, p. 84). The creation of the organizational paradigms without boundaries eliminates geographical barriers to the organization. This places an organization in a suitable position to interact freely with its clients and other business partners in the entire globe. For good strategic management, an organization needs to shift its paradigm to benefit from the following processes a. Reduced dependence on the leadership of command and control b. Hierarchy breakdown that leads to a lean change in the systems of management c. Enhanced commitment to the application and utilization of virtual technologies d. Increased teamwork reliance e. Attain flexibility f. Interactive system of knowledge transfer through electronic and mutual interest instead of authority systems New forms of management

Samsung Marketing Plan Essay Example for Free

Samsung Marketing Plan Essay Samsung Electronics has proven to the business world that they are one of the mostprestigious technology companies in the industry. With more technology advancements thanour market can handle at this point and time, Samsung has paved the way for the future inelectronics. One of the most popular new â€Å"toys† in the market today, is the unbelievable 3D TV. The first 3D TV was launched in March of 2010, and has already had a major impact on themarket. With the release earlier this year, Samsung dominated the market, controlling nearly90% of the total share. Samsung’s product, the 9000 series TV, is incomparable to competitionwith its ultra-thin screen, measuring only 0. 3 inches in width. The 9000 series also comes with afull color spectrum that makes for an incredible viewing experience. Although Samsung is dominating the 3D market, we still have very detailed strategiesand tactics that we believe will give us an increased competitive advantage over our competition. The company’s main emphasis the past couple years has been on integration,union, and encouraging innovation. Samsung is always preparing for the next big item to hit themarket, which is why their technology is so far ahead of all leading competitors. In the future,we plan to enter the 3D video gaming market with a partnership with Microsoft. This will give usaccess to all of Microsoft’s gaming technology, in which we will combine with our quality of sound and viewing stations to create the ultimate gaming experience. Of course, throughoutour journey through this market, we will continue to provide the best ad campaigns for the publicso that they will never forget our product. We will put as much prominence as possible in thesleek design and the one of a kind ultra-thin panel, only available in the Samsung 9000 series. By having an effective ad campaign, we will be able to catch the eye of many different targetgroups. Our major target groups are men around the ages of mid twenties to late thirties,Caucasian males, with a new and growing family. Studies show that this category is more likelyto buy the TV, along with a gaming system, than other aged males. We are also targeting â€Å"CubeTubers†. This is a group that consists of young people who grasp onto new technology quickly.

Industrial Engineering Essay -- essays research papers fc

Technical Drawing Related Career Report   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Industrial Engineers serve as a bridge between management and operations. They combine their solid engineering background with good business sense and management ability. They figure out the best use of facilities, equipment and people for the most cost efficient and productive way to make or process a product. Industrial Engineers concentrate on improving manufacturing productivity and reducing costs associated with inventory. They are also concerned with worker safety and work environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to be any engineer, you must love math, science and solving problems. Whether it's figuring out how to erect a structurally sound skyscraper, design a more efficient car engine. Engineers at the most basic level are problem solvers. Engineering is a career based on logical, systematic problem solving, generally in high-tech, industrial, or scientific fields. Industrial engineers determine the most effective ways for an organization to use the basic factors of production—people, machines, materials, information, and energy—to make a product or provide a service (Occupational Outlook Hand Book). Engineers apply scientific and technical knowledge to address their problems and tasks faced by businesses and governments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An Industrial engineer is made up of these characteristics interested in technical and engineering work, good oral and written communi...

Mango (Mangifera Indica) Leaves Extract and Coconut Oil as an Antibacterial Ointment

Mango (Mangifera indica) leaves extract and Coconut Oil as an Antibacterial Ointment A Science Investigatory Project of Kristifany C. Mamba Bansud National High School-Regional Science High School for Region IV – MIMAROPA Pag-asa, Bansud, Oriental Mindoro Abstract The purpose of this study is to produce an antibacterial ointment out of Mango leaves extract and coconut oil. Young mango leaves were gathered and was chopped into small pieces. 50 mL of coconut oil was put in a frying pan. Then, the chopped mango leaves was added to the coconut oil. It was mixed for 10 minutes. Next, the small bits of mango leaves were removed from the coconut oil. Lastly, candle wax was added to the mixture. It was stirred again thoroughly. The solution was transferred into an empty container and left to cool down. The mango leaves extract with coconut oil was tested at the Bureau of Plant Industry. It was tested against the bacteria E. coli and S. aureus. The resulting Numerical value was 2. 5 for E. coli and 3. 0 for S. aureus. The bureau used the standard parameter 1-2- slightly inhibited and 3-5 as partially inhibited. Thus, the inhibition of the mango leaves extract and coconut oil in E. oli was slight and it is partial in S. aureus. The researcher concluded that mango leaves extract with coconut oil can kill bacteria like E. coli and S. aureus. It can also be concluded that it can help wounds heal faster because of its antibacterial property. Chapter I Introduction Background of the Study The Philippines have many different herbal plants that can cure different illne ss like body pain, toothache, arthritis, and other diseases. The herbal plants we have contain helpful constituents and properties that can cure different kinds of diseases. We can make useful product made from these plant and other materials. Nowadays, many herbal plants are being discovered with more uses. Many companies used herbal plants to make ointments, tablets, coffee or teas. Ointments are very useful in treating different kind of wounds. The production of ointments from herbal plants found in our country can help us minimize our dependence on the use of high – cost ointments. The herbal plant must have anti-inflammatory, anti-allergenic and antibacterial properties to produce an effective ointment. Most of the wounds are infected by the common bacteria like Escherichia coli. As the wounds go deeper and become more complex they can infect the underlying muscles and bone causing osteomyelitis. Coliforms and anaerobes are associated with osteomyelitis in those people who have infected wounds. You also see the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus in the infected wound. Local factors that increase chances of wound infection are having large wound area, increased wound depth, degree of chronicity, the body, necrotic tissue, and mechanism of injury (bites, perforated viscus). (Neal R. Chamberlain. n. . ) The mango leaves (Mangifera indica) and coconut oil possesses antibacterial activity against different bacteria. (Research Update of Mango and Mango Leaf Extract, n. d. ). Coconut and olive oils are traditionally used to moisturize and treat skin infections. Extensive research done by scientists such as Jon J Kabara, PhD, has shown that the Lauric acid found in Coconut Oil is a potent antim icrobial agent  . Lauric acid is a major component (49%) of Coconut oil. It has also been found to kill the H. Pylori bacteria  in the stomach which are responsible for many stomach problems such as ulcers. The good thing about Lauric acid is that it doesn't kill friendly bacteria in the stomach. Antibiotics kill both good and bad bacteria in the stomach and often need to be followed with probiotics such as acidophilus bacteria to replenish friendly bacteria in the gut. Objectives General Mangifera indica leaves and coconut oil have anti-bacterial contents which can help remove the infection on the wounds. This study aimed to produce an ointment which can kill the bacteria and cure different types of wounds out of Mangifera indica leaves and coconut oil. Specific This research study was conducted to determine if mango leaves extract and coconut oil can be made into an ointment and if it can help wound heal faster. Statement of the Problem Specifically, this study ought to answer the following questions: 1. Can the ointment made from Mangifera indica leaves extracts and coconut oil kill the bacteria in the wounds? 2. Can the Mangifera indica leaves extract and coconut oil be made into an ointment? 3. Can the ointment made from Mangifera indica leaves and coconut oil extract help the wound to heal faster? Hypothesis 1. The ointment made from Mangifera indica leaves extracts and coconut oil can kill bacteria in the wounds. 2. The extract of Mangifera indica leaves and coconut oil can be made into an ointment for curing wounds. Significance of the Study This study greatly benefits the people in the community who cannot afford to buy expensive ointment for wounds. It can also benefit the hospitals and in small clinics. The additional medication in curing wounds can help a lot to save a life. It has significance to those who were far from the store or drug store because they can cure our wounds without taking too long from buying ointments from far drugstores. It can be also a source of income for the people in provinces. Scope and Limitation This study was limited only on the production of ointments from mango leaves extracts and coconut oil. The ointment produced from mango leaves extracts and coconut oil focuses on killing the bacteria in the wounds. It was limited to use if there is irritation on the skin after the application of the ointment. For the patients who have sensitive skin should ask permission from a doctor before using the ointment. Chapter II Review of Related Literature Review of Related Literature Antibacterial Pertaining to a substance that kills bacteria or inhibits their growth or replication. Antibiotics synthesized chemically or derived from various microorganisms exert their bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect by interfering with the production of the bacterial plasma wall; by interfering with protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, or plasma membrane integrity; or by inhibiting critical biosynthetic pathways in the bacteria. (2009, Elsevier. ) E. coli E. coli  is a common type of  bacteria  that can get into food, like beef and vegetables. E. oli  is short for the medical termEscherichia coli. E. coli  normally lives inside your intestines, where it helps your body break down and digest the food you eat. Unfortunately, certain types (called strains) ofE. coli  can get from the intestines into the blood. This is a rare illness, but it can cause a very serious infection. (Steven Dowshen, MD, August 2009) S. aureus Staphylococci (staph) are Gram-positive s pherical bacteria that occur in microscopic clusters resembling grapes. Bacteriological culture of the nose and skin of normal humans invariably yields staphylococci. In 1884, Rosenbach described the two pigmented colony types of staphylococci and proposed the appropriate nomenclature:  Staphylococcus aureus  (yellow) and  Staphylococcus albus  (white). The latter species is now named  Staphylococcus epidermidis. Although more than 20 species of  Staphylococcus  are described in Bergey's Manual (2001), only  Staphylococcus aureus  and  Staphylococcus epidermidis  are significant in their interactions with humans. S. aureus  colonizes mainly the nasal passages, but it may be found regularly in most other anatomical locales, including the skin, oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. S. ureus  is often hemolytic on blood agar;  S. epidermidis  is non hemolytic. The bacteria are catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. S. aureus  can grow at a temperature range of 15 to 45 degrees and at NaCl concentrations as high as 15 percent. Nearly all strains of  S. aureus  produce the enzyme coagulase: nearly all strains of  S. epidermidis  lack this enzyme. S. aureus  should always be considered a potential pathogen; most strains of  S. epidermidis  are nonpathogenic and may even play a protective role in humans as normal flora. Staphylococcus epidermidis  may be a pathogen in the hospital environment. Pathogenesis of  S. aureus  infections Staphylococcus aureus  causes a variety of suppurative (pus-forming) infections and toxinoses in humans. It causes superficial skin lesions such as  boils,  styesand  furuncules; more serious infections such as  pneumonia,   mastitis, phlebitis,  meningitis, and  urinary tract infections; and deep-seated infections, such as  osteomyelitis  and  endocarditis. S. aureus  is a major cause of  hospital acquired (nosocomial) infection  of surgical wounds and infections associated with indwelling medical devices. S. aureus  causes  food poisoning  by releasing enterotoxins into food, and  toxic shock syndrome  by release of superantigens into the blood stream. S. ureus  expresses many potential  virulence factors: (1)  surface proteins that promote colonization of host tissues; (2) invasins that promote bacterial spread in tissues (leukocidin,  kinases,  hyaluronidase); (3) surface factors that inhibit phagocytic engulfment (capsule,  Prote in A); (4) biochemical properties that enhance their survival in phagocytes (carotenoids,  catalase production); (5) immunological disguises (Protein A,  coagulase); (6) membrane-damaging toxins that lyse eucaryotic cell membranes (hemolysins, leukotoxin, leukocidin; (7) exotoxins that damage host tissues or otherwise provoke symptoms of disease (SEA-G,  TSST,  ET); and (8) inherent and acquired resistance to antimicrobial agents. Membrane-damaging toxins alpha toxin (alpha-hemolysin)  The best characterized and most potent membrane-damaging toxin of  S. aureus  is alpha toxin. It is expressed as a monomer that binds to the membrane of susceptible cells. Subunits then oligomerize to form heptameric rings with a central pore through which cellular contents leak. In humans, platelets and monocytes are particularly sensitive to alpha toxin. Susceptible cells have a specific receptor for alpha toxin which allows the toxin to bind causing small pores through which monovalent cations can pass. The mode of action of alpha hemolysin is likely by osmotic lysis. ?-toxin  is a sphingomyelinase which damages membranes rich in this lipid. The classical test for ? -toxin is lysis of sheep erythrocytes. The majority of human isolates of  S. aureus  do not express ? -toxin. A lysogenic bacteriophage is known to encode the toxin. (2008 Kenneth Todar, PhD  ) delta toxin  is a very small peptide toxin produced by most strains of  S. aureus. It is also produced by  S. epidermidis. The role of delta toxin in disease is unknown. Leukocidin  is a multicomponent protein toxin produced as separate components which act together to damage membranes. Leukocidin forms a hetero-oligomeric transmembrane pore composed of four LukF and four LukS subunits, thereby forming an octameric pore in the affected membrane. Leukocidin is hemolytic, but less so than alpha hemolysin. Only 2% of all of  S. aureus  isolates express leukocidin, but nearly 90% of the strains isolated from severe dermonecrotic lesions express this toxin, which suggests that it is an important factor in necrotizing skin infections. (2008 Kenneth Todar, PhD  ) Wound Healing Wound healing is a complex process with many potential factors that can delay healing. There is increasing interest in the effects of bacteria on the processes of wound healing. All chronic wounds are colonized by bacteria, with low levels of bacteria being beneficial to the wound healing process. Wound infection is detrimental to wound healing, but the diagnosis and management of wound infection is controversial, and varies between clinicians. There is increasing recognition of the concept of critical colonization or local infection, when wound healing may be delayed in the absence of the typical clinical features of infection. The progression from ound colonization to infection depends not only on the bacterial count or the species present, but also on the host immune response, the number of different species present, the virulence of the organisms and synergistic interactions between the different species. There is increasing evidence that bacteria within chronic wounds live withi n biofilm communities, in which the bacteria are protected from host defences and develop resistance to antibiotic treatment. (Edwards R,  Harding KG Apr. 17, 2004) Bacteria and Wounds Bacteria are ubiquitous in the geography of the human body. In the skin, the average human being harbors at least 200 species of bacteria, totaling more than 1012 organisms. Therefore, when the skin is broken by trauma or disease, bacteria are also ubiquitous in wounds. When discussing the presence of bacteria in an open wound of a human host, three conditions are noted with respect to their presence on or in the tissue, their impact on the healing of the wound, and the associated immune response from the host. The first condition is bacterial contamination or the simple existence of bacteria on the surface of the wound. Contamination is specifically defined as the presence of non-proliferating organisms on the superficial tissues. Contaminating bacteria do not elicit an immune response from the hos t and do not impact the healing process. The second condition, bacterial colonization, is differentiated from contamination in that it refers to proliferating organisms on the wound surface – bacteria that have adhered to the superficial tissues and have begun to form colonies. Colonization is also characterized by a lack of immune response from the host and generally is not believed to impact or interfere with the healing process. 2 Wounds that contain nonviable tissue (ie, slough and/or eschar) offer a particularly hospitable environment for colonization because the dead tissues provide a ready source of nutrients for the growing bacterial colonies. In the third condition, bacterial infection, proliferating bacteria are not only present on the surface of the wound or in nonviable tissue, but have also invaded healthy, viable tissue to such a depth and extent that they elicit an immune response from the host. Local clinical signs of tissue redness, pain, heat, and swelling generally characterize this immune response, along with an increase in exudate production or purulence. Bacterial infection delays and may even halt the healing process. The mechanism of this healing delay involves competition between host cells and bacterial cells for oxygen and nutrients and increased host cell production of inflammatory cytokines and proteases in response to the bacteria and their associated toxins. (Liza Ovington, PhD, CWS, n. d) Related studies In the research update of mango and mango leaf extract, effects of a natural extract from Mangifera indica L, and its active compound, mangiferin, on energy state and lipid peroxidation of red blood cells. Following oxidative stress, modifications of several biologically important macromolecules have been demonstrated. In this study they investigated the effect of a natural extract from Mangifera indica L (Vimang), its main ingredient mangiferin and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on energy metabolism, energy state and malondialdehyde (MDA) production in a red blood cell system. Analysis of MDA, high energy phosphates and ascorbate was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Under the experimental conditions, concentrations of MDA and ATP catabolites were affected in a dose-dependent way by H(2)O(2). Incubation with Vimang (0. , 1, 10, 50 and 100 mug/mL), mangiferin (1, 10, 100 mug/mL) and EGCG (0. 01, 0. 1, 1, 10 muM) significantly enhances erythrocyte resistance to H(2)O(2)-induced reactive oxygen species production. In particular, they demonstrate the protective activity of these compounds on ATP, GTP and total nucleotides (NT) depletion after H(2)O(2)-induced damage and a reduction of NAD and ADP, which both increase because of the energy consumption following H(2)O(2) addition. Energy charge potential, decreased in H(2)O(2)-treated erythrocytes, was also restored in a dose-dependent way by these substances. Their protective effects might be related to the strong free radical scavenging ability described for polyphenols. Mango and Mango Leaf Extract, n. d. ) Mangifera indica L. extract consists of a defined mixture of components (polyphenols, terpenoids, steroids, fatty acids and microelements). It contains a variety of polyphenols, phenolic esters, flavan-3-ols and a xanthone (mangiferin), as main component. This extract has antioxidant action, antitumor and immunemodulatory effects proved in experimental models in both in vitro and in vivo assays. The present study was performed to investigate the genotoxicity potential activity of Vimang assessed through different tests: Ames, Comet and micronucleus assays. Positive and negative contr ols were included in each experimental series. Histidine requiring mutants of Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, TA100 and TA102 strains for point-mutation tests and in vitro micronucleus assay in primary human lymphocytes with and without metabolic activation were performed. Results of Comet assay show that the extract did not induce single strand breaks or alkali-labile sites on blood peripheral lymphocytes of treated animals compared with controls. On the other hand, the results of the micronucleus studies (in vitro and in vivo) show Vimang induces cytotoxic activity, determined as cell viability or PCE/NCE ratio, but neither increased the frequency of micronucleated binucleate cells in culture of human lymphocytes nor in mice bone marrow cells under their experimental conditions. The positive control chemicals included in each experiment induced the expected changes. The present results indicate that M. indica L. extract show evidences of light cytotoxic activity but did not induce a mutagenic or genotoxic effects in the battery of assays used. (Mango and Mango Leaf Extract, n. d. ) Anti-allergic properties of Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) and contribution of its glucosylxanthone mangiferin. : Vimang is the brand name of formulations containing an extract of Mangifera indica L. , ethnopharmacologically used in Cuba for the treatment of some immunopathological disorders, including bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis and other allergic diseases. However, the effects of Vimang on allergic response have not been reported until now. In this study, the effects of Vimang and mangiferin, a C-glucosylxanthone isolated from the extract, on different parameters of allergic response are reported. Vimang and mangiferin show a significant dose-dependent inhibition of IgE production in mice and anaphylaxis reaction in rats, histamine-induced vascular permeability and the histamine release induced by compound 48/80 from rat mast cells, and of lymphocyte proliferative response as evidence of the reduction of the amount of B and T lymphocytes able to contribute to allergic response. In these experiments, ketotifen, promethazine and isodium cromoglicate were used as reference drugs. Furthermore, they demonstrated that Vimang had an effect on an in-vivo model of inflammatory allergy mediated by mast cells. These results constitute the first report of the anti-allergic properties of Vimang on allergic models, as well as suggesting that this na tural extract could be successfully used in the treatment of allergic disorders. Mangiferin, the major compound of Vimang, contributes to the anti-allergic effects of the extract. (Mango and Mango Leaf Extract, n. d. ) Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and hypoglycemic effects of Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae) stem-bark aqueous extract.   Previous studies in their laboratories and elsewhere have shown that some members of Anacardiaceae family possess antiinflammatory, analgesic and hypoglycemic effects in man and mammalian experimental animals. The present study was, therefore, undertaken to examine the antiinflammatory, analgesic and antidiabetic properties of the stem-bark aqueous extract of Mangifera indica Linn. , M. indica a member of the Anacardiaceae family, in rats and mice. The stem-bark powder of M. indica was Soxhlet extracted with distilled water and used. M. indica stem-bark aqueous extract (MIE, 50-800 mg/kg i. p. ) produced dose-dependent and significant (p

Qualitative Social Research Essay

Sociological researcher, Steven Taylor, in his articles discusses the moral and ethical issues researchers must grapple with when they are carrying out studies of abusive behavior in institutions that have weak and disadvantaged people in our society. He cites his own 1 year work experience in a state institution for the mentally retarded to highlight his concerns. He describes it as being in deplorable physical condition and grossly understaffed. The attendants had little training and there were no therapy programs. They controlled the inmates through verbal and physical abuse directly to them and forcing them to clean up their own mess, including feces and urine. They also pitted some inmates against others, such as giving and withholding favors of coffee, food and drugs. Further they forced them to perform humiliating acts such as swallowing lit cigarettes and performing fellatio on each other. Mr. Taylor felt that in order to gain the trust of the attendants and thereby get more valid observations, he had to develop a rapport with them. He did so by drinking beer with them and socializing in other ways. He also played the naive student role and refrained from being critical about their methods. Nevertheless, he was troubled by the abusive behavior he witnessed, but in a quandary as to what to do about it. The attendants, for their part, rationalized their behavior by saying â€Å"the inmates don’t hurt like we do† and treating their actions as entertainment. Personally, I suspect they really didn’t know how to properly treat the inmates and were desperate to try anything that seemed to control them at least in the short run. The author then posed the question as to what the researcher should do in the face of this ethical dilemma during his study. He considered 4 alternatives ; 1)intervene. , for example to as attendant to stop or threaten to inform his supervisor. The problem with this approach is that it would spell an end to rapport with the attendants and thereby hinder the researcher’s ability to collect data on daily activities. 2) leave field. But research is needed to learn why people abuse. 3) blow the whistle. This would obviously shatter rapport and violate the confidentiality provisions of the ASA Code of Ethics. 4 continue study- which is what Mr. Taylor did. Obviously he felt that although this might not appear to be a good option it was the â€Å"least bad† to him. The author then suggests 4 ways to deal with immoral acts; 1 participation in abuses. He contends this is never justified, and that research goals can be accomplished without making human subjects suffer. Furthermore it is I clear violation of the ASA Code of Ethics. 2 ) observation of abuse. This may be the price to pay for conducting field research in immoral situations, but a person can never sit idly by in extreme cases like murder and rape. 3 inadvertently contribute to abuse because of reactive effects . It is clear that often this can’t be controlled by the researcher and therefore can’t be resolved by a professional code of ethics. However the researcher can refrain from encouraging it, for example pretending not to hear an invitation to join in such behavior. 4) doing something about abuse after study, that is, by publishing it and trying to get political action especially through mass media such as TV and newspapers. Finally Taylor concludes the researcher should 1) debate moral and ethical issues before embarking on a particular study and 2) make his own assessment about how to resolve professional ethics and personal morality. Reference Taylor, Steven J. â€Å"Observing Abuse. Professional Ethics and Personal Morality in Field Research†

Book Review of The World is Flat, Written by Thomas L. Friedman essays

Book Review of The World is Flat, Written by Thomas L. Friedman essays Hundreds of years ago, Christopher Columbus returned from the New World to the Old World to declare that the world was not flat, but round. Now, in the 21st century, New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman returns from the developing world to the developed world to declare that the world is flat, as flat as that screen on which a budding Indian entrepreneur can host a meeting of his whole supply chain (Friedman 7). By flat, Friedman means that globalization has created a level playing field for more and more of the nations, industries, and individuals in the modern, technologically forward-thinking world. Friedman sees globalization, for all of its problems, as a force for good. It has the power to unite more than it has the power to divide, and to create equality rather than increase the tensions between the haves and the have-nots, as is sometimes alleged. However, although his enthusiasm and vibrant prose is at times infectious, ultimately Friedman seems frighteningly unconcerned about the costs to the developing and the developed world of the unchecked power of multinational companies. Globalization may have benefited some people in the developing world, like the young Indian entrepreneurs, accountants, and engineers that so impress Friedman, but it is questionable if their success can be used to stand for all workers in ever hemisphere of the globe. Friedmans thesis revolves around the proposition that the world is flattening quickly because of convergence of factors. The collapse of the Berlin Wall ended the divisions between the communist and capitalist nations of the world. While the idea that the end of communism as a worldwide movement was a seismic political event is hardly new, Friedman believes that the ability of this advance to break down political and communications barriers between nations in economic terms is just as important as the freedoms and regional instabilities it spawned. &q...

Ionization Energy of the Elements

Ionization Energy of the Elements The ionization energy, or ionization potential, is the energy required to completely remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion. The closer and more tightly bound an electron is to the nucleus, the more difficult it will be to remove, and the higher its ionization energy will be. Key Takeaways: Ionization Energy Ionization energy is the amount of energy needed to completely remove an electron from a gaseous atom.Generally, the first ionization energy is lower than that required to remove subsequent electrons. There are exceptions.Ionization energy exhibits a trend on the periodic table. Ionization energy generally increases moving from left to right across a period or row and decreases moving top to bottom down an element group or column. Units for Ionization Energy Ionization energy is measured in electronvolts (eV). Sometimes the molar ionization energy is expressed, in J/mol. First vs Subsequent Ionization Energies The first ionization energy is the energy required to remove one electron from the parent atom. The second ionization energy is the energy required to remove a second valence electron from the univalent ion to form the divalent ion, and so on. Successive ionization energies increase. The second ionization energy is (almost) always greater than the first ionization energy. There are a couple of exceptions. The first ionization energy of boron is smaller than that of beryllium. The first ionization energy of oxygen is greater than that of nitrogen. The reason for the exceptions has to do with their electron configurations. In beryllium, the first electron comes from a 2s orbital, which can hold two electrons as is stable with one. In boron, the first electron is removed from a 2p orbital, which is stable when it holds three or six electrons. Both of the electrons removed to ionize oxygen and nitrogen come from the 2p orbital, but a nitrogen atom has three electrons in its p orbital (stable), while an oxygen atom has 4 electrons in the 2p orbital (less stable). Ionization Energy Trends in the Periodic Table Ionization energies increase moving from left to right across a period (decreasing atomic radius). Ionization energy decreases moving down a group (increasing atomic radius). Group I elements have low ionization energies because the loss of an electron forms a stable octet. It becomes harder to remove an electron as the atomic radius decreases because the electrons are generally closer to the nucleus, which is also more positively charged. The highest ionization energy value in a period is that of its noble gas. Terms Related to Ionization Energy The phrase ionization energy is used when discussing atoms or molecules in the gas phase. There are analogous terms for other systems. Work Function - The work function is the minimum energy needed to remove an electron from the surface of a solid. Electron Binding Energy - The electron binding energy is a more generic term for ionization energy of any chemical species. Its often used to compare energy values needed to remove electrons from neutral atoms, atomic ions, and polyatomic ions. Ionization Energy Versus Electron Affinity Another trend seen in the periodic table is electron affinity. Electron affinity is a measure of the energy released when a neutral atom in the gas phase gains an electron and forms a negatively charged ion (anion). While ionization energies may be measured with great precision, electron affinities are not as easy to measure. The trend to gain an electron increases moving from left to right across a period in the periodic table and decreases moving from top to bottom down an element group. The reasons electron affinity typically becomes smaller moving down the table is because each new period adds a new electron orbital. The valence electron spends more time further from the nucleus. Also, as you move down the periodic table, an atom has more electrons. Repulsion between the electrons makes it easier to remove an electron or harder to add one. Electron affinities are smaller values than ionization energies. This puts the trend in electron affinity moving across a period into perspective. Rather than a net release of energy when an electron is gain, a stable atom like helium actually requires energy to force ionization. A halogen, like fluorine, readily accepts another electron.

Legal and Ethical Aspecrts of Delivery Of Health and Social Care Essay

Legal and Ethical Aspecrts of Delivery Of Health and Social Care - Essay Example When handling patients suffering from terminal illnesses, it is my role to ensure that a patient can successfully manage the condition, experience reduced pain, and approach the end of life stages with a positive outlook. Although my intention is to help such patients, complications may occur because of the choices made by the patients. The case of Brian, who is 55 years old and declined to adopt the advice and the equipment presented by me presents an ethical dilemma for any nurse. In this paper, I will discuss Brian’s case study in detail, evaluating, and analysing the case study and presenting my final ethical decision. In addition, the paper will examine the utilitarian ethical principle and weigh it against the respect for autonomy in an effort to help Brian experience quality life despite his condition. Brian, aged 55 years suffers from multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis is a condition that presents adverse effects on an individual’s immune system. Specifically, the disease affects the protective sheath surrounding nerves. As a result, individuals suffering from the disease do not have a normal communication between the brain and the body. As the disease progresses, an individual’s nervous system may deteriorate badly. Usually, there is no cure for multiple sclerosis and patients with the disease have no other choice but to manage their condition. In the case of Brian, the disease has progressed to the level whereby he needs a wheelchair because he cannot walk (Dimond, 2011). Therefore, the disease has served to debilitate him compelling him to rely on my help and other social workers who help him to feed, wash, and get him out of bed occasionally. Worth noting is the fact that Brian does not have any carer at home because his wife suffers from Parkinson’s disease. Since Brian’s condition compels him to stay in bed or the wheelchair for many hours, he is subject to

Create a research portrait of a well-known artist, explain how his or Essay

Create a research portrait of a well-known artist, explain how his or her work responds to particular social issues - Essay Example ject, requiring the artist to spend years painting in wet plaster rather than working on his sculpture or other projects, some might wonder what prompted Michelangelo to undertake this project rather than allowing some other artist the dubious honor. Just how much freedom Michelangelo had in this decision is an often discussed topic. It might also be wondered whether the subject of the painting was determined by Michelangelo himself or the Pope who commissioned him for the project. To more fully appreciate the process that contributed to the creation of the Sistine Ceiling, it is necessary to understand the details regarding the commission of the project, why it was commissioned, why Michelangelo accepted the commission given the difficulties involved, how he met these challenges given the media and subject involved as well as his final assessment of the results. It is widely accepted that Pope Julius II commissioned Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling as none other had the power and authority to force the artist back to Rome. Michelangelo had fled the city only two years earlier after the Pope first commissioned him to create approximately 40 sculptures in the most lavish Papal tomb designed to date and then refused to honor his portion of the contract. In addition, the work being requested of Michelangelo was painting rather than sculpture which he preferred. Other accounts indicate the idea of having the ceiling completed by Michelangelo was the idea of Donato Bramante, who intended to discredit Michelangelo’s daunting reputation. â€Å"In Michelangelo’s eyes, Bramante had persuaded the pope to abandon the project [of the tomb] by warning him that it was bad luck to have one’s tomb carved during one’s lifetime, and had then proposed an altogether different commission for the sculptor, a task at wh ich he knew Michelangelo could not possibly succeed† (King, 2003, p. 11). Work commenced on the project in 1536 under Pope Paul III and was

Read the case and answer the questions ( but focus more in the first Assignment

Read the case and answer the questions ( but focus more in the first question) - Assignment Example The difference in treatment of financial institutions during and in the aftermath of the 2008 crisis was but well order; for with large risks is the chance to succeed and/or fail, all of which the very institution must bear the most burden. 2. Many experts argue that when the government bails out a private financial institution it creates a problem called â€Å"moral hazard,† meaning that if the institution knows it will be saved, it actually has an incentive to take on more risk, not less. What do you think? No one individual among those in search of growth wishes to fail, and so are the institutions with humans at the helm. Equally true is the very fact that entities only reap rewards commensurate to the seeds sowed; anything else only happens in the charity world. With risk, however, comes responsibility; a case where an institution has â€Å"masked† bad assets and excessive liabilities outside the proximity of determinable levels is but incurable, and a lesson of some sort must be read across the system. It is public knowledge that by the time Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy with Federal Reserve, the financial crisis was well underway, and that bailing out the institution wasn’t a priority; the entire system was. To hit right at the tip, getting the right buttons at that particular moment was but hard to call, and that no one knew for sure that lending the Lehman Brothers a hand was that very right button on behalf of the entire system. If indeed its consequential failure had the weight alluded by a section of scholars in quashing off the crisis, then, it was a mistake on behalf of the government. The foregoing notwithstanding, the downward spiral with exorbitant losses on its books of account wasn’t anything to overlook. Both ways, the decision taken was a double-edged sword with no specified guarantees

Vehicles on Non Conventional Sources Essay Example for Free

Vehicles on Non Conventional Sources Essay I would like to express our gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this report. I like to thank our HOD giving me permission to commence this report in the first instance, to do the necessary experimental work and to use departmental data. I am thanking to all our teachers who gave me the required knowledge, skill and a mental approach within the training schedule and encouraged the developing interest of ours in this field. I am bound to our Head of Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering also my training incharge Er. R. K. Sharma (HOD) for constant and stimulating support. I am thankful to everyone who supported me in our report work. I want to thank them for all their help, support, interest and valuable hints as well as for the close look at the final version of the report for English style and grammar, correcting both and offering suggestions for improvement. 1. Wind powered vehicles Introduction Here we use water as a fuel for vehicles which will replace fossil fuels. This system is pollution free. Water powered vehicle is a vehicle that uses hydrogen for the propulsion of the vehicle. The speed of car using water as a fuel is 6 times faster than that using fossil fuels like petroleum, diesel etc as proved by Ohio State University, Honda, Ford, Renault – Nissan. If there just isn’t enough oil to go around, then let’s turn our energy needs to something that is overly abundant on the planet. Water seems like a good choice for an energy source, and many have tried. It looks like Genepax Co, a Japanese company, has been able to get a car to run on water. The engine gets its power by supplying water and air to the fuel and air electrodes. What’s really happening is that this is nearly a hydrogen powered car, but you don’t need to find the one or two lonely hydrogen refueling stations. Genepax has created what they call a â€Å"membrane electrode assembly† (MEA) that is able to break water down into hydrogen and oxygen using a chemical reaction. I’m not sure how it works exactly, and Genepax isn’t saying, but they claim their process can produce hydrogen for a longer time. My favorite part about this little car is that you don’t need to have a pressurized hydrogen tank sitting in the back of your vehicle. Forget about how difficult it would be to refuel, why would I want a bomb in my trunk? I’m far more comfortable with a few jugs of water that get split up during the driving experience. It’s really too bad that being in the northeast eliminates many of these smaller, energy efficient, cars from practical use. Although I did see an electric car yesterday†¦I’ll have to make a note to ask those people how it handles come the blizzards in December. The cost of the engine itself is around $18,000, which puts this little car on the impractical list. But Genepax hopes that if it can go into mass production the cost will reduce down to as little as $4,600. More than 70% of the Earths surface is covered by water and our planets fossil sources are getting lower each day. This is why a lot of scientists struggled to find a way to create a car that will only need water to run. The car will only take the hydrogen from a water molecule and the oxygen atom will be eliminated. This would also improve the worlds environment a lot. Hydrogen is a very powerful power source for engines because it burns very cleanly and it generates less heat in the process. A water powered car would take the hydrogen through a special separating process called electrolysis. Even though there were a lot of companies that tried to create water powered cars, these ones cant compete yet with contemporary cars and I think it will still pass a lot of time when well see a water powered car with the same performances as a car that runs with petrol. If cars that run only with water will ever get into production, their price will be too huge for an ordinary person and scientists are still struggling to reduce the cars costs. Still, there are some cars that could use water for fuel aside from the usual petrol. These cars are called water-hybrid cars and each car have a power generating system installed that let it extract power from water. Probably the biggest benefit for water powered cars comes from the fact that water is more abundant, easier to get and a lot cheaper than petrol or gas. So, even though a car that runs only with water will be a bit too expensive from start, it could save you a lot of money on the long run. Working It generally works on fuel cell conversion system. In this system, water is split up into hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis. Hydrogen produces electricity which helps in the propulsion of car and little bit oxygen is used to cool the engine and react with rest of the hydrogen to reproduce water for further use. In this way we can use this source for long time than fossil fuels. Here we can use some sort of boiler which make water pure. We can also make hydrogen by using the Hydro-Gen. The Hydro-Gen separates hydrogen gas from the natural hydrogen-oxygen mix in standard tap water which will result in us making hydrogen. A hydrogen vehicle is a vehicle that uses hydrogen as its onboard fuel for motive power. The term may refer to a personal transportation vehicle, such as an automobile, or any other vehicle that uses hydrogen in a similar fashion, such as an aircraft. The power plants of such vehicles convert the chemical energy of hydrogen to mechanical energy (torque) in one of two methods: combustion, or electrochemical conversion in a fuel-cell: †¢ In hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles, the hydrogen is combusted in engines in fundamentally the same method as traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. †¢ In fuel-cell conversion, the hydrogen is reacted with oxygen to produce water and electricity, the latter being used to power an electric traction motor. Can a fuel cell take in water and put out hydrogen and oxygen? In order for a car to take in water and put out hydrogen and oxygen, electricity must pass though the water molecule and split it apart into hydrogen and oxygen. It then uses the hydrogen in the water to make energy. Can a fuel cell take in hydrogen and oxygen and put out water? The net reaction fuel cell can take in hydrogen and oxygen and releases water. The equation used to do this is 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O It is able to do this by giving the hydrogen a positive and the oxygen a negative charge so the two will attract and form water. Advantages Hydrogen will slowly take over from fossil fuels as the main source of power. It will do this because hydrogen is easier to obtain and it won’t pollute like fossil fuels. It is cheaper to make. This will help it a lot in the long run to replace fossil fuels. Fossil fuels will soon run out leaving us no choice but to switch. This is a huge reason for it to replace fossil fuels. By using petroleum, we are discharging the soil and water and causing acid rain to fall. This also brings about the chances of horrible climate changes. Disadvantages The only limitation is that the vehicle using this system is expensive only once at the time of purchase. The cost of the engine itself is around $18,000 but some of the companies are saying that if it can go into mass production the cost will reduce down to as little as $4,600. 2. Solar powered vehicles Introduction. A solar vehicle is an electric vehicle powered by a type of renewable energy, by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the surface (generally, the roof) of the vehicle. Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert the Suns energy directly into electrical energy. Solar vehicles are not practical day-to-day transportation devices at present, but are primarily demonstration vehicles and engineering exercises, often sponsored by government agencies. A solar vehicle is an electric vehicle powered by a type of renewable energy, by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the surface (generally, the roof) of the vehicle. Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert the Suns energy directly into electrical energy. Solar vehicles are not practical day-to-day transportation devices at present, but are primarily demonstration vehicles and engineering exercises, often sponsored by government agencies. Virtually all solar cars ever built have been for the purpose of solar car races, with notable exceptions that includes solar powered golf cars and utility vehicles. Solar cars combine technology typically used in the aerospace, bicycle, alternative energy and automotive industries. The design of a solar vehicle is severely limited by the energy input into the car (batteries and power from the sun). Virtually all solar cars ever built have been for the purpose of solar car races, with notable exceptions that includes solar powered golf cars and utility vehicles. Like many race cars, the drivers cockpit usually only contains room for one person, although a few cars do contain room for a second passenger. They contain some of the features available to drivers of traditional vehicles such as brakes, accelerator, turn signals, rear view mirrors (or camera), ventilation, and sometimes cruise control. A radio for communication with their support crews is almost always included. Solar cars are often fitted with gauges as seen in conventional cars. Aside from keeping the car on the road, the drivers main priority is to keep an eye on these gauges to spot possible problems. Cars without gauges almost always feature wireless telemetry, which allows the drivers team to monitor the cars energy consumption, solar energy capture and other parameters and free the driver to concentrate on driving. Solar cars depend on PV cells to convert sunlight into electricity. While the sun emits 1370 +/-3. 4% watts per square meter of energy, 51% of it actually enters the Earths atmosphere and therefore approximately 700 watts per square meter of clean energy can be obtained. [1] Unlike solar thermal energy which converts solar energy to heat for either household purposes, industrial purposes or to be converted to electricity, PV cells directly convert sunlight into electricity. When sunlight (photons) strikes PV cells, they excite electrons and allow them to flow, creating an electrical current. PV cells are made of semiconductor materials such as silicon and alloys of indium, gallium and nitrogen. Silicon is the most common material used and has an efficiency of 15-20%. Procedure Photovoltaic cell When sunlight (photons) strikes PV cells, they excite electrons and allow them to flow, creating an electrical current. PV cells are made of semiconductor materials such as silicon and alloys of indium, gallium and nitrogen. Silicon is the most common material used and has an efficiency of 15-20%. Electrical systems The electrical system is the most important part of the cars systems as it controls all of the power that comes into the system. The battery pack plays the same role in a solar car that a petrol tank plays in a normal car in storing power. Solar cars use a range of batteries including lead-acid batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries (NiMH), Nickel-Cadmium batteries (NiCd), Lithium ion batteries and Lithium polymer batteries. Many solar race cars have complex data acquisition systems that monitor the whole electrical system while even the most basic cars have systems that provide information on battery voltage and current to the driver. Mechanical system. The mechanical systems of a solar car are designed to keep weight and space a minimum while maintaining strength. Solar car engineers also have to take into account array space. Some solar car bodies consist of a metal frame on the inside and a composite shell on the outside. The metal frame is primarily for structural strength and driver safety, while the composite outer shell is primarily for aerodynamics and array space. Other solar car bodies use the monocoque design, where the body consists primarily of composites reinforced by metal tubing. Solar car engineers generally use titanium, steel, and aluminum for the metal tubing, and carbon-fiber, fiberglass, and Kevlar for the composites. Material selection is based on strength-to-weight ratio, ease of manufacturing, and cost. Solar cars usually have three wheels, but some have four. Three wheelers usually have two front wheels and one rear wheel: the front wheels steer and the rear wheel follows. Four wheel vehicles are set up like normal cars or similarly to three wheeled vehicles with the two rear butts close together. Solar arrays. The solar array consists of hundreds of photovoltaic solar cells converting sunlight into electricity. In order to construct an array, PV cells are placed together to form modules which are placed together to form an array. [3] The larger arrays in use can produce over 2 kilowatts (2. 6 hp). [pic] Cells,Modules,Arrays[4] The solar array can be mounted in several ways: †¢ horizontal. This most common arrangement gives most overall power during most of the day in low latitudes or higher latitude summers and offers little interaction with the wind. Horizontal arrays can be integrated or be in the form of a free canopy. †¢ vertical. This arrangement is sometimes found in free standing or integrated sails to harness wind energy. [5] Useful solar power is limited to mornings, evenings, or winters and when the vehicle is pointing in the right direction. †¢ adjustable. Free solar arrays can often be tilted around the axis of travel in order to increase power when the sun is low and well to the side. An alternative is to tilt the whole vehicle when parked. Two-axis adjustment is only found on marine vehicles, where the aerodynamic resistance is of less importance than with road vehicles. †¢ integrated. Some vehicles cover every available surface with solar cells. Some of the cells will be at an optimal angle whereas others will be shaded. †¢ trailer. Solar trailers are especially useful for retrofitting existing vehicles with little stability, e. g. bicycles. Some trailers also include the batteries and others also the drive motor. †¢ remote. By mounting the solar array at a stationary location instead of the vehicle, power can be maximised and resistance minimized. The virtual grid-connection however involves more electrical losses than with true solar vehicles and the battery must be larger. The choice of solar array geometry involves an optimization between power output, aerodynamic resistance and vehicle mass, as well as practical considerations. For example, a free horizontal canopy gives 2-3 times the surface area of a vehicle with integrated cells but offers better cooling of the cells and shading of the riders. There are also thin flexible solar arrays in development. Solar arrays on solar cars are mounted and encapsulated very differently from stationary solar arrays. Solar arrays on solar cars are usually mounted using industrial grade double-sided adhesive tape right onto the cars body. The arrays are encapsulated using thin layers of Tedlar and Tefzel. Some solar cars use gallium arsenide solar cells, with efficiencies around thirty percent. Other solar cars use silicon solar cells, with efficiencies around twenty percent. Limitations challenges Fitting battery electric vehicles with solar cells would extend their range and allow recharging while parked anywhere in the sun. However, with present and near-term engineering considerations, it seems that the more likely place for solar cells will generally be on the roofs of buildings, where they are always exposed to the sky and weight is largely irrelevant, rather than on vehicle roofs, where size is limited. . Although, saying that, solar cell technology is starting to be used successfully in the powering of electric golf cars and utility vehicles. In the case of both building and vehicles, energy from rooftop panels can be stored in batteries for future use. While some inconveniences might cause challenges, there are limitations to using PV cell: †¢ Cost. While sunlight can provide a free clean source of energy, the creation of PV cells to capture that sunlight is expensive. In 2003, it was found that energy would cost $. 30kWh which is more than double that of residential electricity. †¢ Lifetime. Even though sunlight has no lifespan, PV cells do. The lifetime of a solar module is approximately 30 years. 3. Wind powered vehicles Introduction Wind-powered electric vehicles primarily use wind-turbines installed at a strategic point of the vehicle, which are then converted into electric energy which causes the vehicle to propel. While they are not in mainstream use yet, many schools have begun building the new technology and research into their curriculums to teach students and to get them active in the subject. Wind-powered electric vehicles primarily use wind-turbines installed at a strategic point of the vehicle, which are then converted into electric energy which causes the vehicle to propel. Wind-powered electric vehicles include Ventomobile and Mercedes-Benz Formula Zero, as well as the Greenbird, which currently holds a world record for fastest Wind powered vehicle. Ventomobile [pic] [pic]. The InVentus Ventomobile racing at the Aeolus Race 2008 The Ventomobile is a solely wind powered lightweight three wheeler designed by University of Stuttgart students. It won the first prize at the Racing Aeolus held at Den Helder, Netherlands, in August 2008. [1] Matthias Schubert, Chief Technical Officer of the teams’ main sponsor REpower Systems AG, applauded the integration of the InVentus Ventomobile project into the coursework of the students: â€Å"The achievement of managing a big team over many months, and even making select construction tasks part of undergraduate teaching cannot be estimated highly enough! The enthusiasm the students show in renewable energies and the development of innovative solutions should serve the industry as an example for the development of new technologies. [2] Mercedes-Benz Formula Zero Unlike traditional racing, which focuses merely on the order of finish, Mercedes new concept introduces energy efficiency as an integral part of the competition . The Formula Zero Racer is loaded with technology designed to extract the maximum thrust from the electric hub motors, aero-efficient solar skin and high-tech rigid sail [3]. Greenbird Ecotricitys Greenbird vehicle, designed and piloted by Richard Jenkins, broke the land speed world record for a wind-powered vehicle in 2009[4]. â€Å"Greenbird recorded a top speed of 126. 4 mph (203. 4 km/h), and sustained a speed of 126. 2 mph (203. 1 km/h) for the required time of three seconds, beating the previous, American held, record of 116 mph (186. 7 km/h), set by Bob Schumacher in the Iron Duck in March 1999 at the same location. [5]. Working [pic]. Wind powered cars are one of the many possibilities for alternative transportation. After all, one ever-abundant source of green energy is the wind, which has been harnessed for travel in the past on the high seas. But can it become an efficient source of energy for travel on land? Let’s take a look at some designs for wind powered cars that may be the wave of the future: A team of engineers has set the land speed record for a wind powered vehicle at 126 mph. The Ecotricity Greenbird swept across the desert with a combination of technologies. Elements from racing yachts, airplanes and Formula 1 cars were all included in the Greenbird’s design. The car has two wings, one vertical and one horizontal. The vertical wing creates lift, much like an airplane’s wing, only instead of that force being applied to levitate the vehicle, it is used to propel it forward. The horizontal wing, which extends on only one side of the car, keeps it from leaving the ground. The body of the car is designed like a Formula 1 racer to minimize wind resistance. The end result is a sleek machine that can travel much faster than the wind is actually traveling. Although the Greenbird isn’t likely to turn up at your local dealership anytime soon, it can give you an idea of how wind powered cars might develop. Will the Ecotricity Greenbird be the design of the future? The â€Å"Ecotricity† in the â€Å"Ecotricity Greenbird† stands for the name of a British alternative-electricity company, and its founder, Dale Vince, is still working on options for wind-powered cars. At this time, the potential for wind-powered cars is unlimited. Perhaps the car could use a kite-like sail that drags the car across the road? Or maybe these cars could be outfitted with batteries that are charged using personal wind power or an at-home windmill? While the wind powered car may still be a thing of the future, present-day steps are being made to lay the foundation to make this clean energy source a viable way to travel. Bibliography www. wikipedia. com www. life123. com www. techon. nikkeibp. co.