The House Of The Seven Gables Essays - The House Of The Seven Gables

The House Of The Seven Gables By Nathaniel Hawthorne The House of the Seven Gables is a sentimental novel set in a great and rural, old house with seven peaks in New England town. The story opens with its history, starting in the 1690's, when witch-chasing was wild. A short time later, it spins around the course of one summer in the 1850's. At his housewarming party, Colonel Pyncheon, the socially noted proprietor of the house was strangely discovered dead in one of the rooms. Despite the fact that he was exceptionally regarded for his riches and high position, legend has it that he usurped the land on which his home remained from a poor individual named Matthew Maule. Maule was no one worth mentioning. Moreover, he was reputed to rehearse black magic. For this, he was hanged and it was supposed that Pyncheon was answerable for it in light of the fact that he needed the land for himself. Nonetheless, his social noticeable quality and Maule's ignominy permitted him to pull off the wrongdoing easily. Before Maule kicked the bucket however, reviled him saying, God will give him blood to drink. For a considerable length of time, the Pyncheon-Maule debate continued. The long queue of Pyncheons battled to keep the land from their opponents. In spite of the fact that they prevailing in this, their insatiability turned into their own demise. Alice Pyncheon passes on the grounds that her dad, Gervayse, permitted her to be entranced by a Maule too named Matthew, since he trusted him when he said that he required Alice's brain to discover a the covered up Pyncheon treasure. Clifford Pyncheon was another survivor of the insatiability of his cousin Judge Jaffrey Pyncheon. He encircled him and sent him to jail for executing their uncle with the goal that he could have the Pyncheon fortune to himself. In any case, after numerous years, the once discussed manor was in the end overlooked, and the story centers around when Hepzibah Pyncheon, an old and desolate old maid possessed it. She was regularly dreaded for the glower all over that was in reality just the aftereffect of an interminable squint because of her poor visual perception. Glad and without ability for down to earth matters, she is an image of rotting privileged. She laments for her dearest sibling, Clifford, who was encircled and detained. She had a visitor named Holgrave. He is an alluring and imtellectual youngster with present day perspectives and thoughts. He lectures about social change to Hepzibah and Phoebe. At the point when her cash was running out, Hepzibah had to open little bakeshop in the front peak of the house and forsake her fantasy of nobility. This lone adds to her wretchedness until her young niece, Phoebe, originates from the nation to live with her in the house. Like a beam of daylight, she illuminates the house with her excellence, effortlessness, and free-vivacity Following 30 years in jail, Hepzibah's sibling, Clifford, is discharged and gets back home to the place of seven peaks. He has an adoration for excellence however the long stretches of isolation had drawn out the life from him what's more, he turned out to be harsh and spiritless. At that point he builds up a unique bond with Phoebe. Regardless of the multifaceted nature of his character, she got him. A continuous guest was Judge Jaffrey Pyncheon. He took after his progenitor, the colonel truly what's more, in his avarice and grandiosity too. However, he professes to be amiable and friendly. He demands that Clifford had the information about a covered up Pyncheon fortune. In any case, reality of the issue is that Clifford has since a long time ago overlooked the mystery. One day , Judge Jaffrey comes back once more, searching for Clifford. He figures out how to drive Hepzibah to let him see her sibling and she goes up to bring him. He isn't in his room and when she returns to tell the adjudicator, she discovers him dead. What's more, Clifford is remaining close to him. Apprehensive that he would be blamed for homicide once more, Clifford escapes, bringing Hepzibah along. In their nonattendance, Holgrave and Phoebe begin to look all starry eyed at. In the long run, it was found that Jaffrey's passing was a consequence of a stroke, and everything is cleared furthermore, settled. Clifford and Hepzibah return and Holgrave requests that Phoebe wed him. She concurs furthermore, he unveils that he is a relative of Matthew Maule. The mystery treasure ended up being the deed of the region, which was presently futile. It was covered up inside a vault hid by the painting of the colonel which held tight the mass of the house eversince it was assembled. Hepzibah, Clifford, Phoebe, and Holgrave all choose to leave

International Trade Operations in Egypt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Worldwide Trade Operations in Egypt - Essay Example The paper advises that Egypt happens to be the most populated Arab country. It additionally happens to be the second most populated African Nation. The vast majority of the number of inhabitants in Egypt is amassed in the huge urban communities like Alexandria and Cairo and in and around the Delta of the Nile Valley. The populace in the rustic regions in Egypt is on the decrease on the grounds that an enormous number of Egyptian populaces are moving to the urban center points to evaluate a superior way of life and to profit by the financial improvement occurring in these urban centers. Egypt could be arranged to be an accomplished country with its proficiency rate being 71.4 percent. In Egypt training is let loose right to the college level and it is mandatory from age 6 through 15. The long standing Egyptian President, Hosni Mubarak needed to leave following enormous scope political fights in the country, prevalently drove by the youngsters. In the year 2004, the Egyptian government started enormous scope financial changes planned for privatizing the misfortune making open division units and defending the taxes and charges. Egypt encountered an exemplary monetary development, resting at 7 percent till the year 2008. Be that as it may, with the beginning of the worldwide monetary emergency, the financial development went beneath the previous 7 percent mark. Thinking about the ongoing, across the board political fights in Egypt, the pace of monetary development could be relied upon to stay low for the time. In any case, it could sensibly be accepted that Egypt is step by step moving towards a fair, parliamentary type of government. With the inception of the political changes, the Egyptian economy could well be relied upon to adjust further to the Global monetary patterns and Practices. Slide II Egypt isn't just the home to a quickly developing populace, be that as it may, interestingly, a larger part of the Egyptian populace involves youngsters and the matured c omprise a miniscule of the Egyptian populace. It is a reality validated by practical that youngsters are generally progressively open to new thoughts, methods of getting things done, items and administrations. In addition, youngsters are normally progressively educated about the worldwide patterns be they political, monetary or culinary. Likewise considering the huge size of the populace that for the most part contains youngsters, Egypt should import more food items to take care of it. Passing by the way that the greater part of the Egyptian cultivating and journal is moved in the Nile Valley, which involves a pitiful arable land, not fit for creating enough food to take care of the enormous Egyptian populace, it could well be normal that in the occasions to come, Egypt should depend outwardly sources to take care of its quickly developing populace. Additionally, passing by the convergence of youngsters in the Egyptian populace, in the occasions to come it could securely be expected this moderately youthful populace will display a stamped inclination for outside nourishments and culinary joys. In that specific circumstance, it is an auspicious time for the Content Cow Diary to trade its items to Egypt. In the event that it raids into the Egyptian markets at this moment, it could logically hope to unite its situation in the Egyptian markets, in the occasions to come. Slide III International exchange to a huge degree is controlled by the free interchange of interest and gracefully and the economies of scale that fluctuated countries order with regards to explicit items. On the off chance that one glances at the GDP of Egypt, one could without much of a stretch see that the farming segment contributes a small 14.4 percent to the national GDP (CIA The World FactBook, 2012). Interestingly, different mainstays of the Egyptian economy that are industry and administrations segment contribute 39.5 percent and 45.8 percent separately to the national GDP (CIA The World F actBook, 2012). In this manner, it will hush up practical to accept that the agribusiness area in Egypt isn't all around created and modernized and couldn't be relied upon to produce enough to have the option to take care of

Should I Write About Community Service in my Common App Essay TKG

Should I Write About Community Service in my Common App Essay We’re often asked about how to turn a community service experience into an amazing common app essay. The answer is that you probably shouldn’t.  Sounds harsh, but it’s true. There are many reasons as to why writing about community service is a no-go, but let’s start with a general rule that applies to all common app essay topics. Do not write about anything that appears elsewhere in your application. We’re referring to your activities section. If you truly believe that community service is so important to you and it’s the only thing you have to talk about, 1) we’re calling your bluff and 2) it’s going to plastered all over your activities section. Writing an essay about anything that’s already on your application would be redundant. Think of it like this: if you could only tell a college three things about yourself, you wouldn’t use the word “charitable” twice. Let’s address our remaining thoughts on this topic in form of a QA:“But I gave up my spring bre ak and/or my summer to travel to a developing country.”HARD STOP. First know that we are not trying to make you feel bad about how you’ve chosen to spend your free time. But 1) your parents probably financed your trip and 2) the very fact that you were able to travel (read: not work) during breaks from school will flag privilege.  At it’s core, the “life-changing-trip-to-____” essay, is a travel (and privilege) essay. If you don’t believe us, google “Voluntourism” and see what people have to say. (Spoiler alert: there is more than a little bit of criticism on the idea of people traveling to other countries trying to make some sort of social impact in a two week time period.)  It’s also worth noting that there’s a very good chance that the person reading your essay does not have the financial means to travel across the globe helping children in need. It’s not that relatable and you shouldn’t risk making a bad impression straight out of the gates. “But my st ory is going to be different because I’m really passionate about the cause.”Unless you’ve done a tremendous, continuous, hyper focused amount of work throughout your entire high school career in one highly specific area CLOSE TO YOUR HOME, the short-term service trip essay will still read as a one-time experience you had, which doesn’t really speak to who are.  â€œNo but I’m like EXTREMELY passionate about it. I made flyers!”  In that case, your essay will end up being about why a particular problem matters to you, or worse yet about the organization that you volunteer with. What you’ll be left with is a classic teenager on a soapbox essay, and no one wants to read that essay.   “I just want to dream school to know how good of a person I am.”  There are a million different ways to be a good person. Instead of thinking about yourself as a good person, think about what makes you good. Are you the person that people go to when they need a laugh? Are you constantly g iving your friends advice? Did you stick up for someone when they really needed it, even though it made you lose a friend? Remember, they already know that you volunteer. You’re probably only gravitating towards that essay because you haven’t done the work of figuring out what personality trait you want to show with your essay.  â€œBut I’ve gone through all of the exercises you suggest on your blog, texted my friends, talked to my family, and everyone keeps saying that I’m empathetic and compassionate.”  Great! Now figure out another way to show that. Make a long list of experiences in your life during which you felt compelled to help others. Ask your inner circle for examples. Text a friend and ask them about that time when you really came through for them. Think back to the first time you saw something that upset you and couldn’t stop figuring out ways to help out. Focus in on a small example, and tell it with a story.  If we didn’t address your concerns or you wan t to work with someone one-on-one, contact us here. We’ll help you find another way to stand out.

The Influx of Changes in Chicago During the Late...

In the late Nineteenth and early Twentieth Century, America was dominated by change. Expansion, urbanization, immigration, and capitalism swept the nation from coast to coast affecting every class, race and religion. The United States economy changed dramatically, as the country transformed from a rural agricultural nation to an urban industrial giant, the leading manufacturing country in the world. As this economic growth proliferated, Chicago was the epicenter in America. Travelers from Europe flocked to Chicago in search of opportunity. Meatpacking and steel were especially attractive for unskilled laborers from Europe. The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, known as the Industrial Revolution, were periods of tremedous urban growth that radically changed the country. Much of the growth in urban areas came from rural populations who saw they could make more money in the cities than farming their lands. Millions more were immigrants, known as the New immigrants. They ca me primarity from northern and western Europe - England, Ireland, Germany, and Scandinavian. Many of them settled in the cities of the Northeast and Midwest, where they took jobs as unskilled factory workers and at the same time dramatically changed the ethnic makeup of urban America. These new immigrants, many of whom were Catholic or Jewish, were viewed by many native-born Americans as being racially and culturally inferior. American society, culture, politics, economic were changed duringShow MoreRelatedNew Era Of The United States1571 Words   |  7 Pagesmetaphor first arose in the eighteenth century, but was used in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to describe the growing number of immigrants in the United States. From 1900 to 1915, â€Å"more than 15 million people† immigrated to the United States, ushering in a new era of Americans (Library of Congress). Furthermore, there was a shift in the countries from which immigrants were arriving. These change s characterized the first half of the twentieth century, as immigrants struggled to assimilateRead More Immigration into the USA Essay1729 Words   |  7 PagesImmigration into the USA My essay is a nation of immigrants in the United States which is about German, Irish, Jewish immigrants in the 1800’s or early 1900’s. I’m a Asian so I know about Asian immigration. But I didn’t know about Europe immigration very well. So I chose it among many topics. I know that I will find about aspect of immigration important and I will fall into interest of this history. A continuing high birthrate accounted for most of the increase in population, but by theRead MoreThe Making of the Multi-Ethnic American City from the 1880s to the 1920s2086 Words   |  9 Pagesit has taken more than 55 million people, from nearly every corner of the world. People of different countries have brought varied ideas about religion, politics, tradition, and custom to American shores. At the beginning of the twentieth century a Jew immigrant from England, Israel Zangwill, wrote a play entitled The Melting Pot. Its message still holds a tremendous power on the American imagination – the promise that all immigrants can be transformed into Americans, aRead MoreEssay on A.P.U.S.H unit 6 study guide4910 Words   |  20 Pagesstates, New Mexico has the highest percentage of Hispanics, including descendants of Spanish colonists and recent immigrants from Latin America. 6 Describe the culture that flourished in California prior to the influx of Anglos after 1849. What was the impact of this influx on the californios? How was the pattern in Texas similar? The Mexican culture flourished. The californios took jobs and made it harder for many Anglo Americans to come across one. It was the same but with the differentRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and CultureRead MoreEssay about History: World War I and Bold Experiments7600 Words   |  31 Pages1918 –1929 Part 5 Essential Questions After studying the chapters in Part 5, you should know how to answer the following questions: 1. Why and how did American society industrialize during the late nineteenth century? 2. What were the causes and consequences of urbanization? 3. How did political change and progressive reform gain momentum after 1900? 4. How did the United States emerge as a world power by 1918? 5. What tensions between the old and new existed in the 1920s? The 1920 CensusRead MoreCompare and Contrast - Women5945 Words   |  24 Pagescontrast women 100 years ago and women today. I. Intro 1. Womens lives have changed enormously this century and the actions of women themselves have played a vital role in the transformation. Putting women back into history is about giving individual women their history, but it should also be about making some collective sense out of womens divergent experiences. 2. At the beginning of the century most women were invisible in society, whatever their class.. II. Clothes a. Clothes 1. 100 years Read MoreRecommendation On Welfare Reform Essay3998 Words   |  16 Pagesdetermined that lower income families of three or more people spend up to one third of their income on food. A decision was therefore made to set the poverty line at three times the cost of a minimally decent diet, with annual adjustments according to changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). U.S. public policy has addressed the problem of alleviating poverty since 1930. Various measures have been put into place to achieve this goal, yielding mixed results. The first systematic attempt to provide aRead MoreInfluence of Immigration on the American Culture and Language14362 Words   |  58 PagesUnited States is a society of immigrants. Ever since its formation in 1776, and even before that, the United States has attracted immigrants from around the world. Since its early days, the country has admitted more than 50 million newcomers, a larger number of immigrants than any country in history. For over two centuries, people have flocked under this nations protective wings as opportunists, sojourners, missionaries, refugees, and even illegal aliens. With the Statue of Liberty greeting EuropeansRead MoreInstitution as the Fundamental Cause of Long Tern Growth39832 Words   |  160 Pagesimportance of institutions by focusing on two quasi-natural experiments in history, the d ivision of Korea into two parts with very different economic institutions and the colonization of much of the world by European powers starting in the fifteenth century. We then develop the basic outline of a framework for thinking about why economic institutions differ across countries. Economic institutions determine the incentives of and the constraints on economic actors, and shape economic outcomes. As such

What´s Webiography - 946 Words

WEBIOGRAPHY When I registered for this class, I knew it was going to be an interesting class but I did not know what to expect as to the writing assignment. Ancient history is something I never taught I will be interested in until I started watching the history channel, although it is a prerequisite for a degree course I have always had interest in knowing more about this course and one thing I noticed from watching the history channel is, it has connection with the bible. For this assignment, am going to be writing about; the Egyptian pyramid, the Greece gods and the River Nile. I picked these three topics because it goes back to ancient history and will be a perfect match for this course (HIST 134). The Egyptian Pyramid â€Å"A†¦show more content†¦He listens to them and makes fair judgment. Zeus is the god of gods and the king of all the gods in Greece. The site I visited for the Greece god is www.ancienthistory.about.com/od/greekgod. This site had information on all the gods of Greece and explained their rule and how it linked to each other. Zeus which is the god I researched had information linking to its generation but the site failed to explain why and how Zeus became the god of the gods, I was expecting to read more details about Zeus and if he was the chosen god or he did something that stood out of the other gods. The River Nile The river Nile is a river found in Africa, it is said to be 6,670 km which is about 4,160 mile which is the longest river in the world. River Nile is also associated with Egypt because 22% of it runs through Egypt. River Nile also flows through Uganda, Ethiopia, Sudan, Burundi, but its main source is Burundi, central Africa which is where it originates and drains in the Mediterranean Sea. The largest source of this river is Lake Victoria. Egypt has a great history with the Nile River; reason being that the ancient Egyptians lived and farmed along the banks of river Nile, using the soil to grow food for themselves and their animals. Back in the days, the oldest civilization started at the banks of river Nile. It is also known that the ancient Egypt would not have lived without the river Nile because the flood provided them moisture which helped in sustaining their

Reflective Critique - 790 Words

â€Å"As important as methods may be, the most practical thing we can achieve in any kind of work is insight into what is happening inside us as we do it. The more familiar we are with our inner terrain, the more sure footed our [work] – and living- becomes.† P. J. Palmer (cited in Skovholt, T. M., 2001). The pursuit for self-awareness or self-understanding is a chief factor of valuable reflective practice. Counsellors need not only to be conscious of their abilities, facts and presentation as professionals, but also wary of any private aspects that may mess with or obstruct their capability to supply an efficient and objective service. Counselling professionals in their everyday practice encounter unique and difficult circumstances which may†¦show more content†¦This course lent focus to a host of different models associated with reflective practice which was necessary to demonstrate proper counselling professionalism. One such model in particular refers to the work of David Schà ¶n who was very instrumental in developing concepts of self-awareness in relation to the aspect of reflective practice. Schà ¶n (1987 in Sharpy, 2005) identified two types of reflection thatShow MoreRelatedPsychological And Physical Aspects Of Science1683 Words   |  7 Pagesfactors inescapably influence researchers and outcomes of scientific studies and knowledge in general (reference). This idea is reflective in philosophy by the term ‘situated knowers’ (Stamford), broadly explained by considering how the same object can be interpreted differently by others in terms of their individual relation to it. An explanation of an object is reflective of, but not limited to location in space and time, emotions, attitudes, cognitive approach, worldviews and childhood. UltimatelyRead MoreImmanuel Kant s Philosophy And Philosophy1389 Words   |  6 Pagesmany different things that derive from this. There are many different parts and aspects to it which is why it relates to almost every philosophical idea out there. Kant referred his epistemology as â€Å"critical philosophy† since all he wanted to do was critique reason and sort our legitimate claims of reasons from illegitimate ones. His epistemology says that we can have an objective, universal, and necessary knowledge of the world, and that science cannot tell us about reality. He claims science cannotRead MoreKantian Philosophy Analysis1135 Words   |  5 PagesConclusion As my last words I would like to make an overview of the issues that I deal in the Critique of Judgement. What causes the feeling of pleasure or displeasure is not the matter or content of the object but the form of the object. Necdet Bozkurt writes that the aesthetic idea is not one of ideas of reason such as â€Å"god†, â€Å"spirit†, â€Å"world† or â€Å"necessity† because it cannot be express ed as such by the language. It is not a concept of reason but the representation of imagination. It resemblesRead MoreIs Beauty Treated As If It Is Universal?865 Words   |  4 Pagestheorization of aesthetic judgement not coordinate with how an individual makes judgements on beauty in the real world? One notion is that society has adopted the theory of eighteenth century philosopher Immanuel Kant s judgement of taste. In Kant s book Critique of the Power of Judgement he lays the foundations for the belief that our judgement of beauty has both subjective and objective properties. He supports his theory by claiming that our judgement of beauty is dependent on four main factors qualityRead MoreLanger Article Critique Essay703 Words   |  3 Pagesintroduction, which is â€Å"how the u se of journals impacted the learning process of adult non-traditional students and how this impact compared to that of traditional students†. The purpose of this article critique is to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the Langer (2002) article. The body of the critique will develop the five major elements, which begin with the research question/problem to include the author’s purpose for writing the article. The next element is the conceptual framework, followedRead MoreJohn Rawls ´ A Theory of Justice Essay698 Words   |  3 Pagesprinciples of justice. These positions allowed Rawls to address two contemporary issues that are equally important, but also tend oppose each other’s views: freedom and equality. The Rawlsian theory of justice is influenced by Hume’s philosophy with its critique of justice that which prioritizes conventions and universal meaning (Forbes, 1985, 68). Hume talked about artificial justice and Rawls coined the so-called artificial device or the â€Å"original position†, which is used to determine justice. It alsoRead MoreVerbal Listening Ranking High Came791 Words   |  4 Pagesorganizing scattered information and feeling a sense of the meaning of the overall message. Evaluative listening ranking high came as a surprise to me because my past experiences lead me to believe that I may be hesitant to give critiques and making decisions. †¢ Then move to the reflective data †¢ Here we ask you to report on the â€Å"internal experience† of reviewing your PLP results at the â€Å"big picture† level (i.e., p. 3) †¢ That is, as you reviewed each section of the Personal Listening Profile assessmentRead MoreReflective Practice And Professional Development921 Words   |  4 PagesTL2125 Reflective Practice and Professional Development Assignment 1 This assignment will critically reflect on experiential learning episodes with further assistance from two critical friends, one who is a 20 year old male based in the outdoor sector and another from outside the outdoor sector who is 29years old also male but based outside the outdoor sector as his occupation is a university lecturer and corporal in the British army. it must be recognised that there may be a possibility thatRead MoreCritical Reflection Is Essential For Developing An Adaptive Pedagogy1112 Words   |  5 PagesCritical reflection is essential for developing an adaptive pedagogy in that critical reflection encourages the sharing of knowledge, skills and experiences. Furthermore, critical reflective practice is a form of ongoing learning that involves engaging with questions of philosophy, ethics and practice. Additionally, documenting the daily events in the ECE sector is an important aspect of being a professional and are a compulsory requirement for meeting the NCAC (2005) guidelines for high qualityRead MorePersonal Reflection And Development Plan1431 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Reflection and Development Plan Reflective practice has helped many people to improve their learning. It is a valuable tool often used by healthcare and education providers to improve their approach to work by questioning their actions. Throughout my short time spent in Higher Education (HE) I have learned many new aspects of learning like different learning styles and models of reflection and this provides me with an opportunity to look back over these ideas and reflect. This will allow

Legal Issues for Accountants

Question: Discuss about the Legal Issues for Accountants. Answer: Introduction On the basis of the given case study, the remedies available to a person under the Australian Contract Law, as well as, the Australian Consumer Law have been analyzed. Issue Whether Brad has any rights against the University of Kew? Whether the rights would be different in case the fee paid amounts to $30,000, instead of $60,000? Rule A contract is formed when one party promises the other party to do a certain task, in exchange for a consideration[1]. In order to form a contract, certain essential elements have to be present. These elements include an offer, a consideration, an acceptance, intent, certainty and capacity[2]. In order to form a contract, the first essential is an offer. Generally, before an offer is formally made, some pre-contractual representations are made and these are known as an invitation to treat. In the case of Partridge v Crittenden[3], it was held that an advertisement placed in a newspaper is an invitation to treat and not an offer to sell. However, in the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co[4], it was held that the advertisement was an offer, as the wordings of such advertisement showed a clear intent. So, to establish the difference between an offer and an invitation to treat, the intentions of the parties have to be considered[5]. The next essential of a contract is the acceptance. The acceptance on the offer has to be gained, in order to establish a contract. Such acceptance has to be made by the parties to whom the offer was made. A unilateral offer can be accepted by anyone, especially when such offer is made to the general public[6]. A consideration is a crucial element in a contract and such consideration can be anything which is decided amongst the parties to the contract as was held in the case of Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd[7]. The parties to the contract should have the intention to enter into a legally binding contract. Such intention can be either express or implied. The intention to enter into a contract was established in the case of Rose Frank Co v JR Crompton Bros Ltd[8]. The next essential to formulate a contract is the certainty regarding the terms of the contract. When such terms are incomplete or uncertain, no contract is considered to have been formed[9]. Further, the parties to contract should have the legal capacity to enter into a contract. Misrepresentation takes place when one party provides false information to the other party, before a contract is created, with an intention to induce the other party to enter into a contract[10]. Such false information has to relate to a material fact of the contract, as against a statement of promise or an opinion. Claims made in an advertisement are not considered as representations of fact and hence, are not taken as misrepresentation. However, when factual statements are stated in the advertisement, it is a statement of fact and hence, a misrepresentation can be established if such a statement is false. In case a party relied on the misrepresented facts and suffered a loss as a result of such reliance, the aggrieved party can get the contract rescinded, or sue for compensation of the losses[11]. However, when a breaching party can establish that they had reasonable reasons to believe that the statement was true, the breaching party may get a relief from the court and can be relived from paying the damages. At times, there are such clauses in a contract which cancels the liability of a party in case of certain happenings. These clauses are known as exclusion clauses are considered as valid when such contracts have been properly included in the contract, and as long as they are not unlawful[12]. And when such contract is signed, the exclusion clause has the similar effects, as any other clause in the contract. This signed contract, containing the exclusion contract, is considered as a valid and legally binding contract. However, when an exclusion clause contains such terms whereby the applicability of statutes is excluded, such clause is considered as illegal[13]. The traders have certain obligations towards the customers, which are provided as per the relevant statutes and hence, an exclusion clause, which has the effect of excluding the applicability of statues, is not legal. In cases when the interpretation of an exclusion clause is ambiguous, the interpretation which is most favorable for the consumers is adopted. Further, the doctrine of contra proferentem states that when the terms of an agreement are unambiguous, the meaning of such term has to be taken in a way which is against the interests of the party who provided such terms[14]. This doctrine in applied in such circumstances where the standardized contracts are used and when the parties do not have equal bargaining powers. The costs of loss, in such cases, have to be borne by the parties who are in the best position to avoid such a loss. This rule is generally applied in the cases where the exclusion clause is ambiguous and as per this doctrine, such exclusion clause is construed against the party who inserted the exclusion clause. The Australian Consumer Law, through the Section 18(1) prohibits a person, during the course of commerce or trade, from engaging in such conduct which is deceptive or misleading in nature, or is likely to deceive or mislead[15]. This section is applicable not only on the persons, but also on the corporations[16]. To establish a deceptive conduct, an intention to deceive has to be established and a fraud has to be proved. But to establish a misleading conduct, no intention has to be proved. A strict liability is imposed, by the prohibition of misleading conduct, to not lead any other party into an error in any dealings[17]. Any false advertisement is covered in this section and so a misleading advertisement is prohibited as per this section[18]. Such misleading or deceptive conduct has to be made during the course of commerce or trade. The courts interpret this in a broad sense and hence, any sort of commercial activity is covered under misleading conduct, including such dealings which have been made before entering into a contract. In the case of Singtel Optus Pty Ltd v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission[19], the advertisement of providing unlimited download data plan by Signtel Optus was construed as misleading and deceptive conduct. Further, a penalty on Signtel Optus was to the amount of $3,610,000[20] to be paid to the Commonwealth for such misleading and deceptive conduct. Another case of misleading representation was established in the case of ACCC v Cadbury Schweppes Pty Ltd[21], where the contention of the claimant that the product contained fruit extracts, was held as misleading. As stated above, a false or misleading representation about the services or goods, under the Australian Consumer Law, is considered as an offence. Some of the examples of misrepresentations include history of particular use; price; a specified standard, grade, style or quality of product; and goods or services having the necessary approvals or sponsorships[22]. In cases where the aggrieved party can be partly blamed for the damage or loss suffered by such party, than as per the section 137(b) of the Competition and Consumer Act, 2010 (CCA) [23], the liability of such damages can be reduced[24]. However, this section is not provided in the Australian Consumer Law and so, a person who is engaged in a misleading conduct, has to bear the full responsibility for the loss incurred by the other party, even when the other party was to be partly blamed for the loss suffered. But in cases where such person is a corporation, the provisions of the CCA, are applicable on it, and accordingly, a reduction of damages can be claimed for the contributory fault of the other party. An inclusion of such a clause in the contract, which has the effect of removing the potential liability arising out of legislation, is not allowed. The Courts are of the view that the parliament has established a set standard of conduct through the relevant legislatures and so, it is not possible to take such standards out of a contract[25]. As long as a person has been misleading, during the course of commerce or trade, a contract cannot remove this fact. This is applicable irrespective of the fact, if the clause is a main clause or an exclusion clause. In order to claim damages against an action involving misleading conduct, it has to be brought within six years of the accrual of said cause of action as stated under section 236(2) as well as 237(2) of CCA[26]. The maximum penalties, as stated under the section 151 of the CCA include a fine on body corporate of up to $1,100,000 and a fine for individuals of up to $220,000[27]. In Australia, universities have been established by a legislation which are generally the state or territorial legislations. The universities in Australia are regulated by the Corporations Act, 2001[28]. Australian universities are statutory corporations and these are governed internally by the respective enabling legislation[29]. Consumer is defined under the Section 3 of the Australian Consumer Law. As per this section, a person who acquires some particular goods or services would be considered as a consumer only if the amount payable or paid for acquiring such goods or services does not exceed $40,000[30]. Application In the present case, the advertisement placed in newspaper was a unilateral offer to the world, to enroll in the course of Doctor of Accountancy provided by University of Kew to become a Chartered Accountant or Certified Practicing Accountant. This advertisement was not an invitation to treat and to establish that the words of the advertisement have to be analyzed. Anyone could enroll in the course, and there was no restriction to suggest it was an invitation to treat, as was established in the case of Partridge v Crittenden. Further, the wordings of the advertisement clearly establish that the intent was to enroll students into the said course, no matter what their qualification was. So, it was a valid offer. Here, the application signed by Brad can be deemed as a contract. There was an offer for the course; this offer was accepted in form of enrolling for the said course; a consideration in form of student fee of $60,000 was involved; intention has already been established; Brad had the capacity to enter into a contract; and lastly, there was a clarity regarding the terms of the course. This contract contained an exclusion clause in large red font. As stated above, an exclusion clause is valid as long it is lawful. Here, the exclusion clause contained three segments. The first segment of this exclusion contract makes the unlawful as this clause excludes the applicability of statues. The next part of this clause denies the reliance of any misrepresentation by an employee or by the University. Again, this clause is unlawful. The last part of this clause is contrary to the offer that was made. In the offer, the duration of the course as well as the outcome of the course was mentioned. So, this clause is against the offer that was made, and hence, is contrary to the base of this contract. So, this exclusion contract is not legal. There is also a presence of misrepresentation in this case. At the time of the advertisement, in early 2013, the accreditation application was pending. But the advertisement stated that the person would become a Certified Practicing Accountant or a Chartered Accountant. The University did not have the proper authority to make this contention, as the application was still pending. So, a misrepresentation was made. The principle of contra proferentem is also applicable in this case, as Brad was given a standardized form and had no power to bargain the terms of such form. So, the clause stated in such form, would be construed against the University. So, as per the Australian Contract Law, Brad has the right to seek damages, as there a case of misrepresentation is present. Through such misrepresentation, the University induced the students to enroll into the course. And so, Brad can claim for damages in form of compensation from the University for such a misrepresentation. Also, the exclusion clause is not valid in this case. Under the Australian Consumer Law also, the University had made the misrepresentation on the basis of goods or services having the necessary approvals or sponsorships. The University did not have the proper accreditation as the application was pending. Without the proper accreditation, they could not claim to certify a person for the said qualifications. So, Brad can claim damages for the misrepresentation made under the Australian Consumer Law. Further, there was also the presence of a misleading conduct by the University. It misled the consumers into believing that the person would become a Chartered Accountant or a Certified Practicing Accountant after completing the course of Doctor of Accountancy. The University did not have the proper base to make such a contention and hence, was involved in a misleading conduct. Further, the exclusion clause is also not valid as per the Australian Consumer Law. An inclusion of such a clause in the contract, which has the effect of removing the potential liability arising out of a misleading conduct, is not allowed. Here, the exclusion clause, aiming to remove the liability of the University, arising out of the CCA, as well, as any other consumer protection legislation, is unlawful. The provisions of Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth) are applicable on the University. And so the provisions of Section 18(1) of the CCA are applicable on the University[31]. The University had certain obligations, which are provided as per the relevant statutes and hence, an exclusion clause which has the effect of excluding the applicability of statues, is not legal. Further, when the application was rejected for the accreditation of the course, the University failed to disclose this material fact. And so, a misrepresentation is again established in this case. But, the value of the course enrolled was $60,000. And hence, Brad is not a consumer as per the Australian Consumer Law. So, Brad does not have any rights against the University. So, it is advised to Brad, to initiation actions against the University, for damages, under the Australian Contract Law. However, he cannot initiate any action against the University, as per the Australian Consumer Law, as he does not fall under the definition of the Consumer, as given in this act. In case where the value of the course is $30,000, instead of $60,000, Brad would be considered as a consumer, as per the Australian Consumer Law. And he would have the right to sue the University for the not only the misrepresentation, but for the misleading conduct as well. Brad has the rights to seek damages in this case in form of monetary compensation. However, since Brad failed to check the status of accreditation even when he was warned by his friends, he contributed to the damages caused by the misleading conduct, and hence, the liability of the University can be decreased in this case. So, in the second case, it is advised to Brad, to initiation actions against the University, for damages, under the Australian Contract Law, as well as the Australian Consumer Law. Conclusion Hence, it can be concluded, that Brad does not have any consumer rights, under the Australian Consumer Law in the first case. However, he does have the rights under the Australian Contract Law, as a valid contract was formed and a misrepresentation was established. And as a result, he can sue the University for damages, as per the Australian Contract Law. In the second case, he is a consumer, and so he can sue the University for damages, as per both the Australian Consumer Law, as well as, the Australian Contract Law. References Articles/Books/Reports John Orr, Australian Corporate Universities and the Corporations Act, 2012, 17(2), International Journal of Law Education, pp. 123-148 Ewan McKendrick and Qiao Liu, Contract Law: Australian Edition (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015) John W. Carter, Cases and Materials on Contract Law in Australia (LexisNexis Butterworths, 6th ed, 2011) John W. Carter, Elisabeth Peden and Greg Tolhurst, Contract Law in Australia (LexisNexis Butterworths, 5th ed, 2007) Paul Latimer, Australian Business Law 2016, (OUP Australia and New Zealand, 35th edition ed, 2016) Cases ACCC v Cadbury Schweppes Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 516 Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256, CA Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1960] AC 87 Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 2 All ER 421 Rose Frank Co v JR Crompton Bros Ltd [1924] UKHL 2 Singtel Optus Pty Ltd v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission [2012] FCAFC 20 (7 March 2012) Legislation Australian Consumer Law (Cth) Australian Contract Law Competition and Consumer Act, 2010 (Cth) Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth) Others Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Advertising and selling guide, 2016 https://www.accc.gov.au/publications/advertising-selling/advertising-and-selling-guide/avoid-misleading-or-deceptive-claims-or-conduct/misleading-or-deceptive-conduct Gilbert, Tobin, Singtel Optus Pty Ltd v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 2012 https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=46cac7c5-c732-4001-b553-98f620b75935 Hobart Community Legal Service Inc., Misleading or Deceptive Conduct under the ACL, 2013 https://www.hobartlegal.org.au/tasmanian-law-handbook/consumers-money-and-debts/australian-consumer-law/misleading-or-deceptive Law Teacher, Advertisement Was an Invitation to Treat, Not an Offer To Sell, 2016 https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/contract-law/advertisement-was-an-invitation-to-treat-not-an-offer-to-sell-contract-law-essay.php Legal Services Commission of South Australia, Exclusion Clauses, 2011 https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch10s02s06.php Legal Services Commission of South Australia, False or misleading representations, 2013 https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch10s03s03s03.php Legal Services Commission of South Australia, Misrepresentations, 2009 https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch10s02s10.php Scott Alden, Alex Ottaway and Jennifer Tetstall, Australia: Drafting contracts: guidance on managing ambiguity, 2012 https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/163072/Contracts+Deeds/Drafting+contracts+guidance+on+managing+ambiguity

Henry Ii And Eleanor free essay sample

# 8217 ; srelation Essay, Research Paper The relationship between Henry, Geoffrey, and John with their parents, Henry II and Eleanor Henry II s household was a household that was considered anything but dysfunctional. During this epoch of the mediaeval period, there was no such thing as sequence to the throne ; therefore, the current male monarch had the option of taking any of his boies to be the following swayer of the kingdom. During this clip, Henry had 3 boies, Richard, Geoffrey, and John. All were alone in their ain manner but in some instances that uniqueness each had resulted in unwonted effects. Richard was a warrior to the bosom, hence his moniker, # 8220 ; Lion-Hart. # 8221 ; Geoffrey was commented as being nil but a machine a political machine that ever knew where to strike, who to kill, and what confederations were deserving maintaining. John was non a smart adult male to state the least. Toward the beginning of the movie, he was the replacement to the throne so Henry said but by the terminal, we saw otherwise. We will write a custom essay sample on Henry Ii And Eleanor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Richard # 8220 ; Lion Heart # 8221 ; was the knight of the royal household. He was the 1 who would in about any instance consequence to force alternatively of peaceable negotiating. Albeit his warrior-like inherent aptitude, he took on a function that involved much less duologue compared to that of his two brothers. . To see how he related to his parents was at times obscure due to the fact of his reserve, but it was obvious toward the terminal of the movie that his abomination of his male parent reigned supreme over that for his female parent, Eleanor. It was obvious that Eleanor loved Richard much more than his male parent did merely due to the fact that from the start of the film and history that she wanted Richard on the throne after Henry passed on. Richard didn T needfully loathe his male parent until he was locked up in the keep with his two brothers because of # 8220 ; treason # 8221 ; , nevertheless after that, his hatred toward Henry was stronger than the hardy bricks o f Chillingham Castle. Geoffrey, being the center kid, was another of the likely campaigners for the throne of greater Great Britain. Geoffrey was the net-weaver of the royal kids. He was one who delighted in working behind the drape and drawing the strings of his political marionettes ( which would hold been Richard or John ) . He was the 1 who at times would look as your best friend, but in existent world would be seeking to utilize you for his intent. Geoffrey arranged a trade with Richard that if Richard became the following male monarch, he would do Geoffrey his Chancellor of the Exchequer. Therefore, Geoffrey would exert his power and ultimate use controls on Richard and would hold a clandestine touch that would act upon the greatest imperium of Europe since the Holy Roman Empire. Geoffrey s attitude toward his parents was really cloudy and at times really hard to follow particularly due to the fact of his owns manipulative and ever-changing personality. We saw Geoffrey as a smooth-shaven adult male who alternatively of contending in an ground forces like Richard would ; he would command the ground forces from as far off as possible. Geoffrey was upset that non one of his parents mentioned Geoffrey and the throne in the same sentence. Toward the beginning of # 8220 ; Lion in the Winter # 8221 ; , Henry wanted John to go the following male monarch but it was obvious that John was non suited for the throne. In our yearss, John would hold been considered one who had a mental disability such as dyslexia and would besides hold been a likely campaigner for induration due to his hunched back. Both his parents loved John, but it was ever uneven to see him as the likely replacement to the throne in the early portion of the film due to the fact that he was really simple-minded. He was bossed around by both his brothers and was tricked into the whole Geoffrey-Phillip debacle. In the keep scene toward the terminal of the movie, we saw John with his two other brothers try to assail Henry, but John was rapidly cornered out and within seconds had the blade of Henry lined up with the tegument of his pharynx. John was angry with his male parent around the clip of the keep scene, but who wasn t so? Eleanor got her kids to detest their male parent and she was blissful because of that. Henry s kids were ever a quibbling a batch, but before Succession, that was how most royal kids were. They all wanted to govern because they all thirsted for power. Henry s kids were really predictable in their traits and personalities though. For illustration, we ever saw Richard have oning studded leather ; therefore we can calculate out that he was a adult male who enjoyed force and war. We saw Geoffrey in the dark purple garb, which suited his reserved, but extremely manipulative attitude toward people, and in conclusion we saw John in his # 8220 ; provincial # 8221 ; attire. All in all, the relationship between Henry and Eleanor and their kids non really stable. With Eleanor about to be annulled and Henry traveling to try to get married Alice, his three boies would neer hold a opportunity to acquire to the throne and would wholly be considered the bogus kids of Henry, the 2nd. Each kid of Henry had a great hate of him toward the clip of the keep scene, nevertheless, after that and at the terminal of the movie, the strong spat between Henry and Eleanor seemed to hold subsided, which brought about a clip of peace, nevertheless short. Finally, Henry would decease and Richard would derive the throne, and the yearss of the sibling competition would come to a stopping point and the bequest of Henry and Eleanor would populate in vocal and narrative.

Nature †Nurture in human developmental psychology Essay Example

Nature – Nurture in human developmental psychology Essay Example Nature – Nurture in human developmental psychology Essay Nature – Nurture in human developmental psychology Essay Nature – Nurture in Human Developmental Psychology Name: Instructor: Nature – Nurture in Human Developmental Psychology The nature versus nurture controversy is concerned with the comparative significance of an individual’s instinctive features (innatism) against individual experiences (nurture) in establishing or triggering individual dissimilarities in behavioral and physical attributes. The argument as to whether human beings obtain their behavioral characteristics from an inborn source or they are developed from the effects of the environment in which humans live, is not a simple matter. Both of these factors interactively contribute towards shaping the behavior of an individual. A key element in understanding this issue is first understanding the definitions of the terms nature and nurture. The nature aspect of this argument stresses on the extent to which an individual portrays biological predispositions. Conversely, nurture stresses on how much of an individual shows signs of being affected by environmental factors. In reality, a combination of the environment and the genes affects a person’s development. A good illustration is a person inherits genes for being tall but because of poor nurturing, end up short or average height. Several considerations are present when considering the impasse that exists between nature and nurture such as moral considerations, personality misinterpretations and other complications. The analysis of these considerations will form the next section. There are consequences when taking either side in the debate on nature versus nurture. In arguing when inclined toward nature, most of the arguments are inclined towards scientific explanations. Scientists have placed a great amount of emphasis on racism as a major factor in the analysis of nature. They argue that the race of an individual, which is inherited, plays a crucial role in determining the nature of an individual (Stiles, 2008). Using this argument, scientists propose that the heredity of an individual is the only influencing factor in their nature. Arguing from this point of view is flawed because while heredity is a natural phenomenon, it cannot be said to be the only factor influencing an individual’s behavior. This is because while an individual will inherit certain behaviors from their biological parents, the environment in which they live or grow up will either accentuate or repress their inherent behavior. Scientists acknowledge this contribution by environmen tal factors but downplay it as being insignificant in a person’s life. In other words, despite the environment and experiences that an individual may encounter, their innate nature ultimately determines their behavior. This line of argument that is inclined towards nature is also flawed in that it crosses the gap between what is fact and what is ideal. By doing so, proponents of nature over nurture wrongly employ values to facts. The continuous subscription to this line of thinking ultimately convinces people that biological stereotypes and behaviors are part of human nature making for flawed reasoning. One of the methods of proving this phenomenon is through the IATs tests that illustrated that, despite the broad significance of stereotypes, they influence the decisions and conduct of al people equally (Stiles, 2008). Most scientists reach their conclusions on the nature and nurture issue by assessing the behavior of identical twins. These studies sets have provided a wealth of information on nature versus nurture. Scientists can assess how these subjects behave in different settings, behavior that was strikingly similar and any other elements that can assist in providing knowledge. The Springer a nd Lewis twins are the best examples of twins that have contributed tremendously in showing the influences of nurture and nature. The argument between nurture and nature could affect the human race in several ways. One of the contributions includes its influence on the health sector. Using conclusions from such studies on nature versus nurture, scientists can discover new methods of treating critical diseases such as cancer. Solutions to such issues can be discovered using explanations on nature and nurture. From the information currently known by scientists, it can be said that these critical diseases are because of imbalanced nature and nurture and that by closely controlling the nurturing aspect while, at the infant stages, the occurrences of these diseases can be significantly reduced. Such studies could hold an extremely valuable potential for health and man’s lifespan (Lerner, 2002). Nurture over Nature Nurture is equally important in influencing human behavior by influencing the hormones, actions and condition of human beings. Numerous positive and negative environmental inputs influence how an individual will eventually turn out in the future. These factors include nutrition, health, education and other elements that are central in most people’s lives. Several studies on the effect of nurturing on intelligence and health have revealed that it is highly significant in determining how the amounts of these two in different individuals (Clarsk Grunstein, 2010). While not discrediting that natural tendencies are highly significant factors, proponents of the nurture theory assume that these natural factors are non-influential. Conversely, they argue that the behavioral aspects among human beings come from the environmental factors during life experiences. Psychologists such as John Watson have conducted numerous investigations on children that yielded conclusions supporting the supremacy of nurture over nature. He is credited with the famous statement that proposed to bring up children in whatever way he wanted by influencing their environment and upbringing. Nurture theorists propose that an individual’s society is influenced largely by the manner in which they were reared and the environment they were exposed (Lerner, 2002). Nurture as understood by John B. Watson’s in his theory of behaviorism argued that human behavior was learned as opposed to being inborn. Humans teach themselves new things by observing and copying other people in their environment. Through these social relations, people construct their diverse characters and behavioral trends. Without social relations, characters usually fail to develop, and distinctive behavior is negligible. Social experiences and interactions build up over several periods and shape the behavior of people to act in certain ways. For instance, studies demonstrate that children who have guardians that take drugs also end up taking the same drugs themselves. Such children picked up and replicated the act of taking drugs from their guardians and through their peers and other means, learnt to accept that it was socially acceptable to take drugs (Witkowski, Inglis Davenport, 2008). A study done by North Carolina State University revealed that environmental factors, for example, lifestyle and locations play a large function when specific genes are assumed non-influential. The study analyzed a fixed population of Moroccans who provided results that proved that their environment influenced their behavior. Urban dwellers were found to have increasingly developed respiratory genes because of the congested, polluted air in the cities when compared to rural dwellers. Urban dwellers were also more conscious of polluting the air and engaged in several activities to reduce pollution. This was a classical example of how life in the city changed the behavior of city dwellers even though naturally they were born in a different way. The nurture theory asserts that hereditary influence over conceptual features may be present; however, the ecological factors are the real genesis of individual’s conduct. This includes using conditioning tactics in order to encourage diff erent behaviors in human beings, or change an improbable behavior being displayed by the individual (Witkowski et al, 2008). Conclusion In my opinion, neither nature nor nurture holds supremacy in determining the behavior of an individual. Nature is significant in an individual’s life because all human beings are born with certain traits within their genes. These traits are inborn and cannot be altered through any man made techniques. Conversely, nurturing introduces artificial behaviors and choices to people by exposing them to different environments. This exposure under different parentage, locations and conditions, teach people behave differently than they would otherwise have behaved. Nurturing in human beings affects many factors such as the intelligence levels and can sometimes override the inborn (natural) traits in an individual. However, despite compelling arguments from both parties, it is evident that neither nature nor nurture alone can satisfactorily influence an individuals’ behavior. Both nature and nurture combine to influence how an individual behaves (Lippa, 2005). The motive for taking such a stand is derived from the evidence provided by several behavioral scientists, and other scholars who have done research on the role of nurture and nature on an individual. Scholars such as John Watson who came up with behavioral theories have proved that even though nature or nurture may offer compelling evidence of its superiority, both of them play equally significant roles in shaping the lives of an individual. References Clark, W. R., Grunstein, M. (2010). Are we hardwired? The role of genes in human behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lerner, R. M. (2002). Concepts and theories of human development. Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum. Lippa, R. A. (2005). Gender, nature, and nurture. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Stiles, J. (2008). The fundamentals of brain development: Integrating nature and nurture. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Witkowski, J. A., Inglis, J. R., Davenport, C. B. (2008). Davenport‘s dream: 21st century reflections on heredity and eugenics. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

Personal Selling and Customer Focus Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Selling and Customer Focus - Personal Statement Example In order for Studio Productions to improve the company’s well-being, it, therefore, needs to implement a customer service system that is first and foremost, customer focused. The goal of customer service is to â€Å"attract and keep customers who are satisfied, loyal and speak well of the company, but perhaps most importantly, to keep profitable customers† (Gustafsson, Ekdahl and Edvardsson 344). Hence, a customer service system must always ensure client satisfaction, and if possible, exceed client needs. Second, it must also be effective in achieving the company’s goals. While a satisfied client-base is in itself an advantageous end, for Studio Productions to benefit from service developments, the system it adopts must go beyond the minimums of customer satisfaction and reap additional benefits for the company. From a service perspective, these should include improved cross-sell and up-sell rates, higher problem resolution, and higher customer satisfaction and r e-purchase (Carlson Marketing Group 8). It should also improve sales through higher lead-to-close ratios, increased margins, and repeat business (8). Third, given the drastic changes occurring in today’s business environment, a customer service system must also be flexible in its ability to embrace change and adapt accordingly. And finally, a good customer service system must also be cost-effective, such that it must provide saving efficiencies and revenue enhancements for the company, improving the bottom-line.  In order for Studio Productions to improve the company’s well-being, it, therefore, needs to implement a customer service system that is first and foremost, customer focused. The goal of customer service is to â€Å"attract and keep customers who are satisfied, loyal and speak well of the company, but perhaps most importantly, to keep profitable customers† (Gustafsson, Ekdahl and Edvardsson 344). Hence, a customer service system must always ensure cli ent satisfaction, and if possible, exceed client needs. Second, it must also be effective in achieving the company’s goals. While a satisfied client-base is in itself an advantageous end, for Studio Productions to benefit from service developments, the system it adopts must go beyond the minimums of customer satisfaction and reap additional benefits for the company. From a service perspective, these should include improved cross-sell and up-sell rates, higher problem resolution, and higher customer satisfaction and re-purchase (Carlson Marketing Group 8). It should also improve sales through higher lead-to-close ratios, increased margins, and repeat business (8). Third, given the drastic changes occurring in today’s business environment, a customer service system must also be flexible in its ability to embrace change and adapt accordingly. And finally, a good customer service system must also be cost-effective, such that it must provide saving efficiencies and revenue enhancements for the company, improving the bottom-line.   For a customer service system to work, however, Studio Productions must conduct improvements in both internal and external customer service structures to improve client satisfaction and loyalty. Internally, this requires developing a â€Å"service culture† among all employees with a well-defined set of corporate values, a strong commitment to quality improvement, the ability to accept change, a strong sense of teamwork, and a clear understanding of their roles in improving customer relationships.

John B. Watson and Behaviorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

John B. Watson and Behaviorism - Essay Example This essay explains how Watson's work and ideas are different from those of who came before and after him, his contributions to psychology and the relevance of his work. It also looks at the applications of his psychological theory and the treatment methods that have been created from behaviorism. Watson used animal subjects to study behavior before later turning to the study of human behaviors and emotions. Most notably was his "Little Albert" study where he modified the boy's behavior through conditioning (Hothersall, 1995). He used the little boy Albert to test his behaviorist theory. He determined that white, furry objects, such as cotton, did not produce any negative reaction in the baby. But by pairing together a neutral stimulus such as white, furry objects with an unconditioned stimulus such as a very loud noise that elicited an unconditioned response such as fear, he was able to create a new stimulus-response link after several repetitions. Thus when Albert saw white, furry objects, he responded by becoming terrified. This conditioned fear was then shown to generalize to other white furry objects, including feathers and white hair or beards (Hothersall, 1995). Those psychologists who came before Watson such as Thorndike and Sigmund Freud held a totally different view. Sigmund Freud for instance often received harsh criticism from Watson due to his Freudian psychoanalysis theory (Hothersall, 1995). His work on the other hand influenced the modern behaviorists who "believe that all learning is simply conditioning, and that the conditioned response is the true unit of learned behavior." In fact, Watson was an important contributor to classical behaviorism, who paved the way for B. F. Skinner's radical or operant behaviorism, which is pivotal on modern educational systems (Hothersall, 1995). Even Ian Pavlov borrowed very much from Watson in conditioning his dogs. His contributions to psychology Many of the concepts and principles are still widely used today borrows heavily from behaviorism which dominates psychology. In fact, conditioning and behavior modification are still widely used in therapy and behavioral training to help clients change problematic behaviors and develop new skills (Hothersall, 1995). Obviously anyone who wants to manipulate others and compel them to do their bidding particularly governments and intelligence organizations uses the behaviorist theory. In fact, these two groups have spent the most money and the most time experimenting with the subject of behavioral psychology (Hothersall, 1995). Whether or not his work is still used in the field Watson's work is very evident even today. Modern behaviorists believe that their behavioral psychology have greatly influenced the field of educational psychology throughout the twentieth century. Accordingly, the process of education has been perceived in terms of such behavioral concepts as conditioning, reward and punishment as well as behavioral outcomes (Hothersall, 1995). Also, teaching methods have been devised with a view to rewarding desirable learning behavior with most educational aims being formulated in terms of conditioning human beings for desired purposes and behavioral outcome

Examining The Theories For Effective Practice

Examining The Theories For Effective Practice My choice to apply these two theories to the case scenario of Ms Joanna is based on the structure of these methods. Payne (2005, p 97) cites that Both crisis intervention and task-centred practice reflect a contemporary trend towards brief, focused and structured theories that deal with immediate, practical problems. Because of the recent diagnosis of breast cancer, Joanna is faced with some difficult decisions concerning her sons future. She wants to be sure that she would make the best decision available. Therefore task-centred approach would be the best way for her to achieving this and any other problems that might arise during the exploration process. Task-centred approach tends to be very structured and person-centred and it can be oriented to ease the most pressing problems. Task-centred practice has been developed within SW itself and tested in a wide variety of circumstances. The procedural aspect of task-centred practice has clearly been shaped by community care policy and care management. Time-limits, plan and contract based are key features of care management practice (Ford and Postle, 2000). The method is informed by a theoretical framework, which includes elements of systems theory, ego psychology, behaviourism, and empowerment theory. Hence the precise form it may take will be influenced by one or more of these theoretical traditions. Task-centred practice draws heavily from other problem solving methodology such as positive reframing from family therapy (Payne, 1997) and is in direct contrast to the more paternalistic professional practice traditionally employed. The values of self-determination and empowerment are central, as the service user, in this case Joanna, is seen as the best authority on her problems. Task-centred work fits closely with concepts of partnership and participation, in that Joanna should be fully informed and as fully involved as possible through out this process. Its principle stance on open, collaborative and accountable practice is clearly compatible with the values of AOP (Doel and Marsh, 1992). Ford and Postle (2000, p 53) the approach is focused on problem-solving, and is short-term and time-limited. The principle aim of task-centred work is to resolve problems presented by the service user. Hence the starting point of this practice is the problem. Task-centred practice is characterised by mutual clarity and therefore should only be carried out under the following three conditions. The service user must acknowledge the problem and be willing to work on it, they should be in a position to take action to reduce the problem and the problem must be specific and limited in nature. In this scenario Joanna has presented herself to the social worker, she has asked for help in decision making. Firstly the SW has to identify the main components and problems. For the SW this would be a task which would need careful consideration, planning and analysis. The recent diagnosis of an advanced breast cancer requires Joanna to explore different options for planning her sons future. Therefore the initial phase of task-centred practice is problem exploration. During this phrase key problems are identified, and then prioritised. There should be a maximum of three problems where the SW would be working on with Joanna. Too many selected problems will probably lead to confusion and dissipated effort Doel and Marsh (1992, p 31). Having identified the problem(s) the SW would then find out what Joanna wants are. Once the basis for work is established, the SW and Joanna precede in a series of incremental steps towards the goal(s). According to Doel and Marsh (1992) the journey from agreeing the objective to achieving it is measured in small steps called tasks. These are put into place by Joanna and the SW. As a result this would help Joanna in achieving her objective and the alleviation of the problem. Methods or techniques for achieving the task(s) should be negotiated with Joanna. Task-centred practice is designed to enhance the problem solving skills of participants. Therefore it is important that tasks undertaken by clients involve elements of decision making and self-direction. The task-centred approach would enable fast and effective support to Joanna. The time-limit is a brief statement about the likely length of time needed to reach the goal Doel Marsh (1992, p 51). A time limit is important for a number of reasons. It guards against drift, allows time for a review and encourages accountability. It also acts as an indicator of progress (Adams, Dominelli and Payne, 2002). The task stage is made up of a series of developments and reviews. The execution of reviews is important as it allows for an assessment of the success of the steps taken. The ending of the process of task-centred work will have been anticipated at the initial phrase. The concluding session should include a review of the work that has been accomplished by Joanna in order to alleviate the target problem. The main advantage of the task-centred practice are that it does not mean simply assigning tasks but it is a very well researched, feasible, and cost-effective method of working. The source of the problem is not presumed to reside in only the service-user. Attention is paid to external factors such as welfare rights and housing, and where there is scope to supply power it is taken in the form of information and knowledge giving. It also addresses the strengths of people and their networks. Task-centred attempts to put worker and client on the same level Coulshed Orme (1998, p 123). Althought the advantages to task-centred practice can be easily identified, the disadvantages and drawbacks are not as easy, as they are based on research. Therefore, it is not only looking at the approach widely and hypothesising disadvantages, but putting the approach into practice and gathering relevant information to analyse any negative conclusions. Some of these disadvantages would be that underlying problems requiring longer term approaches may go unnoticed, it requires sustained efforts from service user who may sometimes be unable to do this due to physical or emotional strengths. Clients may be overwhelmed by problems and unable to deal with them in a structured way. However the SW would still have a positive gain by improving their capacity for clearer thinking and forward planning, which in turn brings on successful intervention Coulshed Orme (1998, p 119). Moving on to Crisis intervention, which can be quite diverse with the models that uses. Payne (199, p 101) states that crisis intervention uses elements of ego-psychology from psychodynamic perspective. It focuses on the service-users emotional responses or reactions to external events and how to control them. Strategies of crisis intervention are based on psychological theory However, these are adapted and modified to fit the demands of the crisis situation. Crisis is a universal concept which affects people from all cultures. James and Gilliland define a crisis as a perception or experiencing of an event or situation as an intolerable difficulty that exceeds the persons current resources and coping mechanisms (2001, p 3). People in crisis situations may overlook or ignore important details and distinctions that occur in their environment and might have trouble relating ideas, events, and actions in a logical way. Crisis intervention, therefore, is an action plan to help people cope with immediate acute stressful demands. Hence, as crisis intervention focuses on resolving immediate problems and emotional conflicts through a minimum number of contacts. The first stage would be to enable the service-user to make sense of what has happened to them and to begin to feel in control. Drawing on Joannas situation, one can easily see that this type of approach would benefit her in many ways. Joannas cancer is advanced and the life-time left may not be very long. She is aware of her health situation and would need help with her emotional situation as well as Jacobs. Joanna sees herself in a state of emotional disequilibrium and is struggling to adjust and find a new sense of balance of all her problems, her emotional situation might seem insuperable at the time. Joana does not feel in control of her life anymore but still is trying to manage. Crisis intervention, intervenes when people have reached a situation in their lives they can no longer cope with. Thompson (2005, p 69) describes it as a turning point in peoples lives which creates a lot of energy that can be used positively to tackle problems, resolve difficulties and move beyond previous barriers to progress. This would empower and help Joanna to identify her major problems and find better coping mechanisms. By providing support such as home visits this would help with the breakdown of care for her son and family as well as offer Joanna time for herself to come to terms with her illness. The methods I would use are the Roberts (1995, p 18) seven stage model. The first stage would be by assessing lethality. Although Joanna presented herself to the SW she might not be the only person most at risk: it might be that Jacob is facing emotional reaction that can even lead to self harm. Therefore the SW should plan and conduct a crisis assessment as well as lethality measures. James and Gilliland emphasise that assessment should be a constant part of crisis intervention, because of rapidly changing emotions Payne (2005, p 105). The second stage of this model would be establishing a rapport and effective communication skills. This can be easily achieved by genuinely respecting and accepting Joanna and her family and sometimes reassuring that behaviour is not unreasonable or unexpected, this may help to achieve the rapport building. In the third stage the SW has to Identify what Joanna sees as her major problems. Myers (2001) distinction between affective, cognitive and behavioural aspects of the reaction to the crisis are also relevant here (Payne, 2005: 107). In the fourth stage the social worker would be actively working on Joannas feelings and emotions, as when dealing with an immediate problem, it can be easy to miss out or avoid to focus on feelings. The fifth stage involves looking at the past coping mechanisms. In Joanas situation, the death of her partner can be seen as a success. Success should be highlighted and reinforced Payne (2005, p 108). In stage six Joana would be working with her SW to understand why the crisis situation was so distressing. Finding a way to manage the situation and formulating an action plan that works for her, so that she can reach her goals and would feel empowered. In the final stage the SW has to make sure that Joanna would feel able to return if further problems arise and establish an action plan for Joanna and family, to help them indentify likely stressful points in the future. During this process, the SW should remain self aware of own biases and vulnerabilities and recognize how these could have an impact on her own judgment and actions. Payne, (1996, p 43) quotes that the term intervention is oppressive. It indicates the moral and political authority of the social worker to invade the social territories of service users. Even though Joanna presented herself for help, she could still see this intervention as being intrusive; this may oppress her and make her feel powerless. She has had the main role of the parent and house keeper in the family and may feel that these have been taken away from her. Joanna may feel detached from her family and internalize the problem, and may not focus on the situation; instead she may focus on the intrusion. So the SW may not get a true picture of her feelings and may interpret things wrongly and make assumptions. Crisis intervention can be seen as oppressive at times as it demands quick answers in a short time frame. Therefore not taking into consideration different culture background which may see this as questioning and make them feel discriminated against. In conclusion both try to improve peoples capacity to deal with life problems. Crisis intervention uses practical tasks to help people readjust; they place great importance in the emotional response to the crises and the chances of peoples capacity to manage their everyday problems in the future. Task-centred work focuses on performances in practical tasks which will resolve particular problems. Success in achieving tasks helps emotional problems. Crisis intervention has a theory of origin of life difficulties. Task-centred work takes problems as given, to be resolved pragmatically. Payne (2005) In summary, I have discussed task-centred and crisis intervention approaches and identified that despite their different origins and differing emphasis, both these approaches have a role to play in promoting the anti-oppressive approach in SW practice by restoring as much control as possible and validating and celebrating strengths. They both reject the long term intervention of psychodynamic work which makes the service-user more dependent on the worker. Both theories promote the time limited and more focused way of working with service-users. Although the approaches have limitations, they provide frameworks for SW to engage with the service-users in the most effective way.

math graph story :: essays research papers

Between study group, debate, and chess tournaments there wasn’t much of a social scene around Winchester University in Omaha, Nebraska. The school year at this college was year round, but the students were given a 30 day summer vacation in July. The majority of the students went back home to visit their families during this time. But as juniors at the University Charles, Fredrick, and Stanley, all childhood buddies, decided it was time for a change and that they needed a little more spice in their life. Realizing that they were almost twenty-one and had never breached their comfort zone, they knew a road trip was in store.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As June came to an end the nearly grown men finished exams and planned to leave for their escapade the first day of July, also being the 1st day of break. They made a pact to keep the trip a secret until their return, for the main reason that their parents wouldn’t approve. If their families had any question as to why hey weren’t coming home to visit, they would simply say they were staying at the University to get ahead on the following year. This would be a reasonable lie, because no one would expect them to do any different.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The morning of their departure they loaded all the luggage and food that they could into Fredrick’s forest green Ford focus. Before they pulled out of the parking lot they had to lay some ground rules:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ~ No school attire   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ~ No proper English   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ~ No acting like themselves, only the new â€Å"cool† young adults that they were. Freddy, as they called him, established one last rule. They were to stop at four places and the rest of the time they were driving. This gave them a reasonable amount of time to live and get back to the University to start the New Year. And now†¦they were off†¦ As Freddy peeled out of the parking lot Charles, sitting in the passenger seat, turned on 93.3 KTNP modern rock.. The first 3 days of their trip were mainly getting out of the places they had seen time and time again. They didn’t experience much except for driving and eating as they reminisced on the past. Stopping frequently for Stanley’s immensely small bladder they reached about 50 miles the first few days. As they approached the evening on July 3rd they drove by a college, and decided to see if anyone would let them crash for the night.

Assess How Well Own Knowledge Skills And Understanding Meet Standards

SHC 22 Personal Development v1. 4 Title Level Credit value Learning outcomes The learner will 1 Understand what is required for competence in own work role Introduction to personal development in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings TWO 3 Assessment criteria The learner can: 1. 1 Describe the duties and responsibilities of own role 1. 2 Identify standards that influence the way the role is carried out 1. 3 Describe ways to ensure that personal attitudes or beliefs do not obstruct the quality of work 2 Be able to reflect on own work activities 2. Explain why reflecting on practice is an important way to develop knowledge, skills and practice 2. 2 Assess how well own knowledge, skills and understanding meet standards 2. 3 Demonstrate the ability to reflect on work activities 3. 1 Identify sources of support for own learning and development 3. 2 Describe the process for agreeing a personal development plan and who should be involved 3. 3 Contribute to drawing up own personal development plan 4. 1 Show how a learning activity has improved own knowledge, skills and understanding 4. 2 Show how reflecting on a situation has improved own knowledge, skills and understanding 4. Show how feedback from others has developed own knowledge, skills and understanding 4. 4 Show how to record progress in relation to personal development 3 Be able to agree a personal development plan 4 Be able to develop knowledge, skills and understanding Additional information about the unit NOS ref CCLD 204 GEN 12 HSC 23 Themes recur as knowledge requirements, performance criteria and core values throughout HSC and CCLD NOS Unit purpose and aims This unit is aimed at those who work in health or social care settings or with children or young eople in a wide range of settings. The unit introduces the concepts of personal development and reflective practice which are fundamental to such roles, and GEN 13 SHC 22 Personal Development v1. 4 ways to implement the se. Assessment requirements Additional information This unit must be assessed in accordance with the assessment strategy for health and social care.Standards may include: Codes of practice Regulations Minimum standards National occupational standards A personal development plan may have a different name but will record information such as agreed objectives for development, proposed activities to meet objectives, timescales for review, etc. Sources of support may include: Formal support Informal support Supervision Appraisal Within the organisation Beyond the organisation Who should be involved may include: The individual Carers Advocates Supervisor, line manager or employer Other professionals

The formation of the ExxonMobil Corporation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2487 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? ExxonMobil Corporation was formed in year 1999 after the merger of two major oil companies, Exxon and Mobil. Both Exxon and Mobil were descendants of the John D. Rockefeller Corporation, Standard Oil which was established in 1870. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The formation of the ExxonMobil Corporation" essay for you Create order Its headquarters are located in Irving, Texas. ExxonMobil is one of the largest publicly traded companies in the world, they have been ranked either no.1 or no.2 for the past 5 years. However they are currently 4th in the ranking according to Forbes Global 2000 [1]. Today, Exxon Mobil also is the worlds largest refiner and marketer of petroleum products. They operate in most of the worlds countries and well known by their familiar brand names: Exxon, Esso and Mobil. This report will be covering the Exxon Mobil company background and study about the oil refinery industrial processes and operations in the company. Apart from that, research against the risk and its consequences of all the hazards of the oil spill disaster. In the other hand, to study the essential improvement changes in the management systems so that to prevent the disaster happening again. (1) Aims and Objectives of Exxon Mobil Corporation Exxon Mobil Corporation is committed to being the worlds premier petroleum and petrochemical company. They aims to continuously achieve superior financial and operating results while remain to the highest standards of business conduct [1]. Exxon Mobil Corporation is focusing on its corporate governance, because they believe good governance is essential for creating economic climate beneficial to large scale investments. There are 4 important components in their corporate governance which is Management systems, Standards of Business Conduct, Control Systems and National Content Development. [2] Management Systems A good management systems would facilitate the operation and work efficiently of one company. Exxon Mobil Corporation has complies with all applicable laws and regulations, and maintain high standards of the laws and regulations which do not exist. They are also committed to high ethical standards, legal compliance, and integrity which is reflected in their global po licies and practices. With the existing management systems, it is enable Exxon Mobil to comply the new regulations efficiently and providing them with a competitive advantage. Standards of Business No one at the company has the authority to make exceptions waivers with respect to compliance with the standards. The Standard of Business consists of guiding principles, sixteen foundation policies, as well as open-door communication procedures. The Exxon Mobil are committed their shareholders to be rewarded with superior return. They are also committed to provide high quality products and services at competitive prices to customer without changing customer preference. ExxonMobil will continue hire and retain the most qualified employee available and maximize their opportunities for success through training and development. In the other hand, ExxonMobil commit the communities that will maintain high ethical standards, obey all applicable laws, rules, and regulations, and respect loca l and national cultures. Other than that, ExxonMobil are dedicated to running safe and environmentally responsible operations. Control Systems Operations integrity Management Systems (OIMS) was introduced in 1992, it is specially designed to identify hazards and manage risks inherent to the operations and associated with the full-life cycle of projects. With the OIMS, industry-leading lost-time incident rates have been significantly reduced. Risks to the environment have been reduced, with a remarkable decline in marine spills and continuing reductions in emission. The overall effectiveness of OIMS is evaluated every five years for improvement purpose. National Content Development Oil and gas operation able to contribute to the economic growth of a local area, region, or nation. ExxonMobils national content development strategy helps to enhancing the economic and social opportunities. The employment of nationals is a key component of the ExxonMobils national content strategy . ExxonMobil also focuses on training and educating to the national employees, contractors, and suppliers. They are focus on transferring skills and knowledge as well. Purchasing local goods and services will be another target on their strategy. Exxon Mobil is still able to sustain its business with the disciplined approach and long-standing commitment to its corporate during the global recession of 2009. (2) Oil and Refinery Industrial Processes and Operations Crude oil is a mixture of many hydrocarbons compounds and relatively small quantities of other materials such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, salt and water. It has to be refined before it can be used for fuel [3]. An oil refinery or petroleum refining processes are those chemical engineering processes mix with other petroleum refineries facilities to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils. [4] All refineries perform three basic steps: -Separation (fractional distillation) -Conversion (Cracking and rearranging the molecules) -Purification Diagram 2.0 Refining Process in Antwerp, Belgium Refinery [5] Below are one of the refining processes and operations from ExxonMobil Refinery plant [6]: Step 1: Separation Every refinery begins with the separation of crude oil into different fractions by distillation. The refinery receives its raw material through the pipe line. The crude oil is transferred into atmospheric distillation tower where it is heated and then separated into its different fractions. The products from the distillation tower range from gases at the top to very heavy, viscous liquids at the bottom. The heaviest residue is redistilled in the vacuum distillation unit and processed to make bitumen, heavy fuels. Step 2: Conversion is a very important processes to convert low valued heavy oil into high valued petrol. It is a process to change the size and/or structure of hydrocarbon molecules. These different fractions from distillation are then desulfurized and stripped of various unwanted substances. Conversion processes include decomposition (dividing) by thermal and catalytic cracking; Unification (combining) through alkylation and polymerization; and Alteration (rearranging) with isomerization and catalytic reforming [7]. Step 3: Purification The different products from conversion process are brought up to the required specification through a series of subsequent treatment processes. This process is done by Hydro treating. In Hydro treating, unfinished products are contacted with hydrogen under heat and high pressure in the presence of a catalyst, producing hydrogen sulphide and desulphurised product [8]. In the Exxon Mobils Rotterdam Refinery plant, coking unit flexicoker which was constructed in the mid eighties is using for converting the residual oil from vacuum or atmospheric distillation unit into petroleum coke as well as naphtha and diesel oil. Flexicoking is a process to convert heavy oil fractions into lighter fractions. The flexicoker is fed with the heavy oil residues or fraction from the vacuum distillation. The heavy residues are then converted at very high temperatures in the flexicoker into 70% light oil products and cokes. ExxonMobil would use these cokes to heat the different production processes. The remaining of very small quantity of coke is used in the cement industry. [6 ] (3) Risks in all areas that lead to the accident In year 1989, March 24 midnight, a serious oil spill was occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska. There are several risks was found that lead the Exxon Valdezs oil spill event from happening. According to the accident investigation reported by The National Transportation Safety Board, they are finalised and determined five possible causes of the grounding as below [9]: Firstly, it was found that the third mate failed to properly manoeuvre the vessel, probably due to fatigue and excessive workload. At the time of the grounding, third mate just could have had 5 or 6 hours sleep in the previous 24 hours working. Regardless, he had had a physically demanding and stressful day, and he was working beyond his normal watch period. The third mates navigation tasks for starting the turn involved navigating the tanker in a high risk situation. Secondly, the master was possibly impaired with the alcohol and he had failed to provide a proper navigation watch. A blood test showed alcoh ol in the masters blood several hours after the accident but he had denied that he was not impaired by alcohol [10]. During 1985, the master was instructed underwent treatment because his job performance is unsatisfactory owing to the perceived use of alcohol. He was supposed attending treatment program at the hospital but this recommended outpatient treatment program was not followed and monitored by management. Thirdly, Exxon Shipping Company failed to supervise and control the master. Besides that, ExxonMobil also failed to provide a rested and sufficient crew for the Exxon Valdez. Exxon corporate management demonstrated inadequate knowledge of and concern about the seriousness of having an alcohol-impaired master. Exxon should have removed the master from seagoing employment until there was proof that he had his alcohol problem under control. In the other hand, Exxon Valdez was operated with a reduced crew complement. The number of unlicensed crewmembers in the deck departmen t was not sufficient to provide uninterrupted watch. Additionally, the U.S. Coast Guard had failed to provide an effective vessel traffic system. Vessel Traffic Center (VTC) watchstander could tracked the Exxon Valdez was farther 7.7 miles from the traffic lane if they set a lower range scale on the master radar console. Used of the higher range scale, VTC watchstander might not noticed the smaller course and speed change of vessel. Thus, accuracy of the radar tracking was reduced. Other than that, supervision of the VTC was adversely affected after the man power was reduced. Lastly, Effective pilot and escort services were lacking. The master only received verbal information about ice report from the pilot, and he had no choice to leave the port as tug boards were alongside and the pilot was on board already. Based on the statement above, we can see that all the risks is come from human-error or humans attitude and these unfortunate event had caused the ever largest human- caused disaster to the environment. (4) Consequences of all the effects of the accident In year 1989, the happening event bring a lot of aftermath to their country comprise the harmed to communities, environments, marine mammals, birds, fishes, as well as economic effects. Marine mammals, fishes and birds died in the days immediately after the oil spill. According to BBC News, below are estimated deaths figure of marine mammals, fishes and birds: [11] Seabirds Sea otters Harbor seals Bald eagles Killer whales Salmon and herring 250000 2800 300 250 22 unknown After the spill, we can obviously see that reduction in population of various ocean animals, stunted development in pink salmon populations. Meanwhile, larger marine mammals and ducks suffered ill effects because their prey was contaminated. A decade later, the ecosystem still suffers as the contamination still existed in beaches, national parks and designated wilderness. Evidence for toxic of hydrocarbon exposure can be seen from the persist contamination of mussel bed s [12]. According to previous study, toxicity of the oil spill will remained for a decade or more due the oil was segregate by the wave action, light and bacteria was inhibited. [13] The disaster also brings lasting harm to local communities as subsistence harvests of fish and wildlife substantially declined by Alaska Native communities after the spill. Other than that, the commercial for salmon and herring fisheries were adversely affected. It was also affected the human health as 20 communities have had major social and psychological impact like depression and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [13]. Economic always will have negative impacts after any disaster. For the Exxon Valdez oil spill case, it caused the economic effect in term of cleanup expenses, natural resource damages and the various economic losses incurred by the affected community or individuals [14]. We cant deny that the oil spill had brought a lot negative impacts especially to environment but sometimes we are underestimated the consequences hazards of this disaster. The environmental consequences may went far serious than we thought. [15] (5) Improvement in the management systems Improvements are always needed to against the disaster. Exxon Mobil has put a lot of effort to enhance the management system to prevent another Exxon Valdez from happening. According to the previous study on risk, third mate and the master was the person that makes the accident happen. At the end, Exxon has implemented Operation Integrity Management System (OIMS) to addresses all aspects of managing safety, health, security, environment and social risks as well. There are 11 important elements in OIMS [16] Diagram 5.0 Operation Integrity Management System (OIMS) 11 elements from Exxon [16] Risks of safety, health, environmental and security can be reduced through the risk assessment and management in OIMS systems. In the risk management system, hazards are able to identify easily, so that prevention can be take place immediately. For this reason, Exxon Mobil has organized drug and alcohol testing programs for safety sensitive positions. Other than that, they are restricte d safety-sensitive positions to employees with no history of substance abuse. Additionally, employees training issue. All companys must threat the training period of the newer employees as a very seriously event, this will improve the knowledge and management skill of the employees to become a successful workers no matter faces any difficulties and challenges. Much of the safety trainings must be provided to prevent any unwanted events. Its to let the workers familiar with the safety issues and take precautions always. At last, Exxon Mobil has implemented and strengthened training programs for vessel captains and pilots to provide more efficient responsibility. A specially trained and experience pilots required onboard the ship for the entire crossing through the Sound. Improvement in operation and maintenance is needed to ensure and monitor the status of compliance with regulations and responsible standards. In order to meet the requirement, ExxonMobil has improved the proced ures through this system. Then make sure the structured inspection and maintenance programs are implemented well according to parameters and regulations. ExxonMobil also set up a department to investigate and analysis the incident and to ensure processes are in place for addressing and sharing learning from company and industry incidents. With the effectiveness of this system, they able to track previous reported incidents and take corrective action and prevent it happen again. As example, applied new technology in order to improve vessel navigation system and ensure the integrity of oil containment systems. [17] Based on the study above, Improvement still can be implemented by Exxon Mobil, example using double bottom and double hull for all the tankers. Referring to case incident in the Lake Maracaibo Channel in Venezuela, can be said that double hull tanker able to prevent or reduce oil spill [18]. Conclusion Exxon Valdez oil spill disaster, the main reason led to this accident was the negligence of the management department and irresponsibility of the onboard officer. Owing to deficiency of safety and operations knowledge of employer and employees, contributing to the overwhelming accident that making huge damage to the environment and marine mammals. From this report, we learnt that the management of company plays a significant role at all fields including safety and health. Company management must always put their efforts to control all the risks and also benefits of employees. Some improvements have to be taken and monitor and review it periodically. All the oil and petroleum companies should take this tragedy as a remembrance and not forget it and 100% eradicating it from our domestic life on nowadays and also in future. (2755 words)