Read the case and answer the questions ( but focus more in the first Assignment

Read the case and answer the questions ( but focus more in the first question) - Assignment Example The difference in treatment of financial institutions during and in the aftermath of the 2008 crisis was but well order; for with large risks is the chance to succeed and/or fail, all of which the very institution must bear the most burden. 2. Many experts argue that when the government bails out a private financial institution it creates a problem called â€Å"moral hazard,† meaning that if the institution knows it will be saved, it actually has an incentive to take on more risk, not less. What do you think? No one individual among those in search of growth wishes to fail, and so are the institutions with humans at the helm. Equally true is the very fact that entities only reap rewards commensurate to the seeds sowed; anything else only happens in the charity world. With risk, however, comes responsibility; a case where an institution has â€Å"masked† bad assets and excessive liabilities outside the proximity of determinable levels is but incurable, and a lesson of some sort must be read across the system. It is public knowledge that by the time Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy with Federal Reserve, the financial crisis was well underway, and that bailing out the institution wasn’t a priority; the entire system was. To hit right at the tip, getting the right buttons at that particular moment was but hard to call, and that no one knew for sure that lending the Lehman Brothers a hand was that very right button on behalf of the entire system. If indeed its consequential failure had the weight alluded by a section of scholars in quashing off the crisis, then, it was a mistake on behalf of the government. The foregoing notwithstanding, the downward spiral with exorbitant losses on its books of account wasn’t anything to overlook. Both ways, the decision taken was a double-edged sword with no specified guarantees

Vehicles on Non Conventional Sources Essay Example for Free

Vehicles on Non Conventional Sources Essay I would like to express our gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this report. I like to thank our HOD giving me permission to commence this report in the first instance, to do the necessary experimental work and to use departmental data. I am thanking to all our teachers who gave me the required knowledge, skill and a mental approach within the training schedule and encouraged the developing interest of ours in this field. I am bound to our Head of Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering also my training incharge Er. R. K. Sharma (HOD) for constant and stimulating support. I am thankful to everyone who supported me in our report work. I want to thank them for all their help, support, interest and valuable hints as well as for the close look at the final version of the report for English style and grammar, correcting both and offering suggestions for improvement. 1. Wind powered vehicles Introduction Here we use water as a fuel for vehicles which will replace fossil fuels. This system is pollution free. Water powered vehicle is a vehicle that uses hydrogen for the propulsion of the vehicle. The speed of car using water as a fuel is 6 times faster than that using fossil fuels like petroleum, diesel etc as proved by Ohio State University, Honda, Ford, Renault – Nissan. If there just isn’t enough oil to go around, then let’s turn our energy needs to something that is overly abundant on the planet. Water seems like a good choice for an energy source, and many have tried. It looks like Genepax Co, a Japanese company, has been able to get a car to run on water. The engine gets its power by supplying water and air to the fuel and air electrodes. What’s really happening is that this is nearly a hydrogen powered car, but you don’t need to find the one or two lonely hydrogen refueling stations. Genepax has created what they call a â€Å"membrane electrode assembly† (MEA) that is able to break water down into hydrogen and oxygen using a chemical reaction. I’m not sure how it works exactly, and Genepax isn’t saying, but they claim their process can produce hydrogen for a longer time. My favorite part about this little car is that you don’t need to have a pressurized hydrogen tank sitting in the back of your vehicle. Forget about how difficult it would be to refuel, why would I want a bomb in my trunk? I’m far more comfortable with a few jugs of water that get split up during the driving experience. It’s really too bad that being in the northeast eliminates many of these smaller, energy efficient, cars from practical use. Although I did see an electric car yesterday†¦I’ll have to make a note to ask those people how it handles come the blizzards in December. The cost of the engine itself is around $18,000, which puts this little car on the impractical list. But Genepax hopes that if it can go into mass production the cost will reduce down to as little as $4,600. More than 70% of the Earths surface is covered by water and our planets fossil sources are getting lower each day. This is why a lot of scientists struggled to find a way to create a car that will only need water to run. The car will only take the hydrogen from a water molecule and the oxygen atom will be eliminated. This would also improve the worlds environment a lot. Hydrogen is a very powerful power source for engines because it burns very cleanly and it generates less heat in the process. A water powered car would take the hydrogen through a special separating process called electrolysis. Even though there were a lot of companies that tried to create water powered cars, these ones cant compete yet with contemporary cars and I think it will still pass a lot of time when well see a water powered car with the same performances as a car that runs with petrol. If cars that run only with water will ever get into production, their price will be too huge for an ordinary person and scientists are still struggling to reduce the cars costs. Still, there are some cars that could use water for fuel aside from the usual petrol. These cars are called water-hybrid cars and each car have a power generating system installed that let it extract power from water. Probably the biggest benefit for water powered cars comes from the fact that water is more abundant, easier to get and a lot cheaper than petrol or gas. So, even though a car that runs only with water will be a bit too expensive from start, it could save you a lot of money on the long run. Working It generally works on fuel cell conversion system. In this system, water is split up into hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis. Hydrogen produces electricity which helps in the propulsion of car and little bit oxygen is used to cool the engine and react with rest of the hydrogen to reproduce water for further use. In this way we can use this source for long time than fossil fuels. Here we can use some sort of boiler which make water pure. We can also make hydrogen by using the Hydro-Gen. The Hydro-Gen separates hydrogen gas from the natural hydrogen-oxygen mix in standard tap water which will result in us making hydrogen. A hydrogen vehicle is a vehicle that uses hydrogen as its onboard fuel for motive power. The term may refer to a personal transportation vehicle, such as an automobile, or any other vehicle that uses hydrogen in a similar fashion, such as an aircraft. The power plants of such vehicles convert the chemical energy of hydrogen to mechanical energy (torque) in one of two methods: combustion, or electrochemical conversion in a fuel-cell: †¢ In hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles, the hydrogen is combusted in engines in fundamentally the same method as traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. †¢ In fuel-cell conversion, the hydrogen is reacted with oxygen to produce water and electricity, the latter being used to power an electric traction motor. Can a fuel cell take in water and put out hydrogen and oxygen? In order for a car to take in water and put out hydrogen and oxygen, electricity must pass though the water molecule and split it apart into hydrogen and oxygen. It then uses the hydrogen in the water to make energy. Can a fuel cell take in hydrogen and oxygen and put out water? The net reaction fuel cell can take in hydrogen and oxygen and releases water. The equation used to do this is 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O It is able to do this by giving the hydrogen a positive and the oxygen a negative charge so the two will attract and form water. Advantages Hydrogen will slowly take over from fossil fuels as the main source of power. It will do this because hydrogen is easier to obtain and it won’t pollute like fossil fuels. It is cheaper to make. This will help it a lot in the long run to replace fossil fuels. Fossil fuels will soon run out leaving us no choice but to switch. This is a huge reason for it to replace fossil fuels. By using petroleum, we are discharging the soil and water and causing acid rain to fall. This also brings about the chances of horrible climate changes. Disadvantages The only limitation is that the vehicle using this system is expensive only once at the time of purchase. The cost of the engine itself is around $18,000 but some of the companies are saying that if it can go into mass production the cost will reduce down to as little as $4,600. 2. Solar powered vehicles Introduction. A solar vehicle is an electric vehicle powered by a type of renewable energy, by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the surface (generally, the roof) of the vehicle. Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert the Suns energy directly into electrical energy. Solar vehicles are not practical day-to-day transportation devices at present, but are primarily demonstration vehicles and engineering exercises, often sponsored by government agencies. A solar vehicle is an electric vehicle powered by a type of renewable energy, by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the surface (generally, the roof) of the vehicle. Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert the Suns energy directly into electrical energy. Solar vehicles are not practical day-to-day transportation devices at present, but are primarily demonstration vehicles and engineering exercises, often sponsored by government agencies. Virtually all solar cars ever built have been for the purpose of solar car races, with notable exceptions that includes solar powered golf cars and utility vehicles. Solar cars combine technology typically used in the aerospace, bicycle, alternative energy and automotive industries. The design of a solar vehicle is severely limited by the energy input into the car (batteries and power from the sun). Virtually all solar cars ever built have been for the purpose of solar car races, with notable exceptions that includes solar powered golf cars and utility vehicles. Like many race cars, the drivers cockpit usually only contains room for one person, although a few cars do contain room for a second passenger. They contain some of the features available to drivers of traditional vehicles such as brakes, accelerator, turn signals, rear view mirrors (or camera), ventilation, and sometimes cruise control. A radio for communication with their support crews is almost always included. Solar cars are often fitted with gauges as seen in conventional cars. Aside from keeping the car on the road, the drivers main priority is to keep an eye on these gauges to spot possible problems. Cars without gauges almost always feature wireless telemetry, which allows the drivers team to monitor the cars energy consumption, solar energy capture and other parameters and free the driver to concentrate on driving. Solar cars depend on PV cells to convert sunlight into electricity. While the sun emits 1370 +/-3. 4% watts per square meter of energy, 51% of it actually enters the Earths atmosphere and therefore approximately 700 watts per square meter of clean energy can be obtained. [1] Unlike solar thermal energy which converts solar energy to heat for either household purposes, industrial purposes or to be converted to electricity, PV cells directly convert sunlight into electricity. When sunlight (photons) strikes PV cells, they excite electrons and allow them to flow, creating an electrical current. PV cells are made of semiconductor materials such as silicon and alloys of indium, gallium and nitrogen. Silicon is the most common material used and has an efficiency of 15-20%. Procedure Photovoltaic cell When sunlight (photons) strikes PV cells, they excite electrons and allow them to flow, creating an electrical current. PV cells are made of semiconductor materials such as silicon and alloys of indium, gallium and nitrogen. Silicon is the most common material used and has an efficiency of 15-20%. Electrical systems The electrical system is the most important part of the cars systems as it controls all of the power that comes into the system. The battery pack plays the same role in a solar car that a petrol tank plays in a normal car in storing power. Solar cars use a range of batteries including lead-acid batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries (NiMH), Nickel-Cadmium batteries (NiCd), Lithium ion batteries and Lithium polymer batteries. Many solar race cars have complex data acquisition systems that monitor the whole electrical system while even the most basic cars have systems that provide information on battery voltage and current to the driver. Mechanical system. The mechanical systems of a solar car are designed to keep weight and space a minimum while maintaining strength. Solar car engineers also have to take into account array space. Some solar car bodies consist of a metal frame on the inside and a composite shell on the outside. The metal frame is primarily for structural strength and driver safety, while the composite outer shell is primarily for aerodynamics and array space. Other solar car bodies use the monocoque design, where the body consists primarily of composites reinforced by metal tubing. Solar car engineers generally use titanium, steel, and aluminum for the metal tubing, and carbon-fiber, fiberglass, and Kevlar for the composites. Material selection is based on strength-to-weight ratio, ease of manufacturing, and cost. Solar cars usually have three wheels, but some have four. Three wheelers usually have two front wheels and one rear wheel: the front wheels steer and the rear wheel follows. Four wheel vehicles are set up like normal cars or similarly to three wheeled vehicles with the two rear butts close together. Solar arrays. The solar array consists of hundreds of photovoltaic solar cells converting sunlight into electricity. In order to construct an array, PV cells are placed together to form modules which are placed together to form an array. [3] The larger arrays in use can produce over 2 kilowatts (2. 6 hp). [pic] Cells,Modules,Arrays[4] The solar array can be mounted in several ways: †¢ horizontal. This most common arrangement gives most overall power during most of the day in low latitudes or higher latitude summers and offers little interaction with the wind. Horizontal arrays can be integrated or be in the form of a free canopy. †¢ vertical. This arrangement is sometimes found in free standing or integrated sails to harness wind energy. [5] Useful solar power is limited to mornings, evenings, or winters and when the vehicle is pointing in the right direction. †¢ adjustable. Free solar arrays can often be tilted around the axis of travel in order to increase power when the sun is low and well to the side. An alternative is to tilt the whole vehicle when parked. Two-axis adjustment is only found on marine vehicles, where the aerodynamic resistance is of less importance than with road vehicles. †¢ integrated. Some vehicles cover every available surface with solar cells. Some of the cells will be at an optimal angle whereas others will be shaded. †¢ trailer. Solar trailers are especially useful for retrofitting existing vehicles with little stability, e. g. bicycles. Some trailers also include the batteries and others also the drive motor. †¢ remote. By mounting the solar array at a stationary location instead of the vehicle, power can be maximised and resistance minimized. The virtual grid-connection however involves more electrical losses than with true solar vehicles and the battery must be larger. The choice of solar array geometry involves an optimization between power output, aerodynamic resistance and vehicle mass, as well as practical considerations. For example, a free horizontal canopy gives 2-3 times the surface area of a vehicle with integrated cells but offers better cooling of the cells and shading of the riders. There are also thin flexible solar arrays in development. Solar arrays on solar cars are mounted and encapsulated very differently from stationary solar arrays. Solar arrays on solar cars are usually mounted using industrial grade double-sided adhesive tape right onto the cars body. The arrays are encapsulated using thin layers of Tedlar and Tefzel. Some solar cars use gallium arsenide solar cells, with efficiencies around thirty percent. Other solar cars use silicon solar cells, with efficiencies around twenty percent. Limitations challenges Fitting battery electric vehicles with solar cells would extend their range and allow recharging while parked anywhere in the sun. However, with present and near-term engineering considerations, it seems that the more likely place for solar cells will generally be on the roofs of buildings, where they are always exposed to the sky and weight is largely irrelevant, rather than on vehicle roofs, where size is limited. . Although, saying that, solar cell technology is starting to be used successfully in the powering of electric golf cars and utility vehicles. In the case of both building and vehicles, energy from rooftop panels can be stored in batteries for future use. While some inconveniences might cause challenges, there are limitations to using PV cell: †¢ Cost. While sunlight can provide a free clean source of energy, the creation of PV cells to capture that sunlight is expensive. In 2003, it was found that energy would cost $. 30kWh which is more than double that of residential electricity. †¢ Lifetime. Even though sunlight has no lifespan, PV cells do. The lifetime of a solar module is approximately 30 years. 3. Wind powered vehicles Introduction Wind-powered electric vehicles primarily use wind-turbines installed at a strategic point of the vehicle, which are then converted into electric energy which causes the vehicle to propel. While they are not in mainstream use yet, many schools have begun building the new technology and research into their curriculums to teach students and to get them active in the subject. Wind-powered electric vehicles primarily use wind-turbines installed at a strategic point of the vehicle, which are then converted into electric energy which causes the vehicle to propel. Wind-powered electric vehicles include Ventomobile and Mercedes-Benz Formula Zero, as well as the Greenbird, which currently holds a world record for fastest Wind powered vehicle. Ventomobile [pic] [pic]. The InVentus Ventomobile racing at the Aeolus Race 2008 The Ventomobile is a solely wind powered lightweight three wheeler designed by University of Stuttgart students. It won the first prize at the Racing Aeolus held at Den Helder, Netherlands, in August 2008. [1] Matthias Schubert, Chief Technical Officer of the teams’ main sponsor REpower Systems AG, applauded the integration of the InVentus Ventomobile project into the coursework of the students: â€Å"The achievement of managing a big team over many months, and even making select construction tasks part of undergraduate teaching cannot be estimated highly enough! The enthusiasm the students show in renewable energies and the development of innovative solutions should serve the industry as an example for the development of new technologies. [2] Mercedes-Benz Formula Zero Unlike traditional racing, which focuses merely on the order of finish, Mercedes new concept introduces energy efficiency as an integral part of the competition . The Formula Zero Racer is loaded with technology designed to extract the maximum thrust from the electric hub motors, aero-efficient solar skin and high-tech rigid sail [3]. Greenbird Ecotricitys Greenbird vehicle, designed and piloted by Richard Jenkins, broke the land speed world record for a wind-powered vehicle in 2009[4]. â€Å"Greenbird recorded a top speed of 126. 4 mph (203. 4 km/h), and sustained a speed of 126. 2 mph (203. 1 km/h) for the required time of three seconds, beating the previous, American held, record of 116 mph (186. 7 km/h), set by Bob Schumacher in the Iron Duck in March 1999 at the same location. [5]. Working [pic]. Wind powered cars are one of the many possibilities for alternative transportation. After all, one ever-abundant source of green energy is the wind, which has been harnessed for travel in the past on the high seas. But can it become an efficient source of energy for travel on land? Let’s take a look at some designs for wind powered cars that may be the wave of the future: A team of engineers has set the land speed record for a wind powered vehicle at 126 mph. The Ecotricity Greenbird swept across the desert with a combination of technologies. Elements from racing yachts, airplanes and Formula 1 cars were all included in the Greenbird’s design. The car has two wings, one vertical and one horizontal. The vertical wing creates lift, much like an airplane’s wing, only instead of that force being applied to levitate the vehicle, it is used to propel it forward. The horizontal wing, which extends on only one side of the car, keeps it from leaving the ground. The body of the car is designed like a Formula 1 racer to minimize wind resistance. The end result is a sleek machine that can travel much faster than the wind is actually traveling. Although the Greenbird isn’t likely to turn up at your local dealership anytime soon, it can give you an idea of how wind powered cars might develop. Will the Ecotricity Greenbird be the design of the future? The â€Å"Ecotricity† in the â€Å"Ecotricity Greenbird† stands for the name of a British alternative-electricity company, and its founder, Dale Vince, is still working on options for wind-powered cars. At this time, the potential for wind-powered cars is unlimited. Perhaps the car could use a kite-like sail that drags the car across the road? Or maybe these cars could be outfitted with batteries that are charged using personal wind power or an at-home windmill? While the wind powered car may still be a thing of the future, present-day steps are being made to lay the foundation to make this clean energy source a viable way to travel. Bibliography www. wikipedia. com www. life123. com www. techon. nikkeibp. co.

Benjamin Banneker :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Benjamin Banneker was born in 1731 near Baltimore. His Grandmother, an Englishwoman, taught him to read and write. For several winters he attended a small school open to blacks and whites. There he developed a keen interest in mathematics and science. Later, while farming, Banneker pursued his mathematical studies and taught himself astronomy. In 1753, he completed a remarkable clock. He built it entirely of wood, carving each gear by hand. His only models were a pocket watch and an old picture of a clock. The clock kept almost perfect time for more than fifty years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1791, Banneker served as assistant to Major Andrew Ellicott, the surveyor appointed by President George Washington to lie out the boundaries of District of Colombia. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson had recommended Banneker to help in this work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From 1791 to 1796, Banneker made all the astronomical and tide calculations and weather predictions for a yearly almanac. Banneker sent Jefferson a copy of his first almanac. With it he sent a letter in which he called for the abolition of slavery and a liberal attitude toward blacks. Banneker’s skills impressed Jefferson greatly. Jefferson sent a copy of the almanac to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris an evidence of the talent of Negroes. Opponents of slavery in the United States and England also used the almanacs as evidence of blacks’ abilities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Publishers of Banneker’s almanacs printed contributions by prominent Americans in addition to his material. In the 1793 almanac, for example, the famous surgeon and statesman Benjamin Rush proposed the appointment of a U.S. secretary of peace. Banneker himself probably contributed a few proverbs, essays, and poems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think Benjamin Banneker changed the world with his almanac.

Celestial Sphere Essay

Celestial Sphere:What we see, it contains the stars, planets, Sun, and Moon Celestial Equator- the imaginary line that divides the planet into Northern and Southern hemispheres. The celestial equator is a similar imaginary circle around the celestial sphere, also known as the visible universe. The celestial equator divides the visible universe in two, creating the Northern and Southern celestial hemispheres. This helps us locate celestial bodies. Ecliptics -an imaginary line on the sky that marks the annual path of the sun. It is the projection of Earth’s orbit onto the celestial sphere. Besides define the path of the sun, the ecliptic marks the line along which eclipses occur, the moon and planets and asteroids wander, the Zodiac constellations live. The ecliptic is even the starting point for the celestial coordinate system used by astronomers to pinpoint the location of every star, nebula, and galaxy. Meridian-a great circle of the earth passing through the poles and any given point on the earth’s surface. The half of such a circle included between the poles. Astronomy. the great circle of the celestial sphere that passes through its poles and the observer’s zenith. A point or period of highest development,greatest prosperity,or the like. an of the path way sin the body along vital energy flows. Zenith-The point on the celestial sphere that is directly above the observer. The upper region of the sky.The highest point above the observer’s horizon attained by a celestial body. Nadir-the point of the celestial spherethat is directly opposite the zenithand vertically downward from the observer Celestial Poles-Either of two diametrically opposite points at which the extensions of the earth’s axis intersect the celestial sphere. Either of the two points at which a northward or southward projection of the Earth’s axis intersects the celestial sphere. The north and south celestial poles are analogous to Earth’s geographic poles and are used in determining right ascension in the equatorial coordinate system. Depending on which hemisphere an observer is in, the stars and other celestial objects appear to revolve once around the north or south celestial pole every 24 hours, an effect produced by the rotation of the Earth on its axis. Because of the precession of Earth’s axis, the celestial poles gradually shift position in the sky over a nearly 26,000-year cycle. Solstices-As the Earth travels around the Sun in its orbit, the north-south position (declination) of the Sun changes over the course of the year due to the changing orientation of the Earth’s tilted rotation axes with respect to the Sun. It is this change in the position of the sun that is responsible for seasons. Solstices occur when Sun reaches maximum offsets from the equator projected on the sky . This offset corresponds to thetilt angle of Earth’s rotational axis with respect to its orbital plane, called the Earth’s obliquity.either of the two times a year when the sun is at its greatest distance from the celestial equator: about June 21, when the sun reaches its northernmost point on the celestial sphere, or about Dec. 22, when it reaches its southernmost point. Either of the two points in the ecliptic farthest from the equator. †¢Equinoxes-Either of the two points on the celestial sphere where the ecliptic(the apparent path of the Sun) crosses the celestial equator. The point at which the Sun’s path crosses the celestial equator moving from south to north is called the vernal equinox. The vernal equinox marks the zero point in both the equatorial and ecliptic coordinate systems; horizontal angular distances are measured eastward from this point. The vernal equinox is also known as the first point of Aries because when first devised some 2,000 years ago this point occurred at the beginning of Aries in the zodiac. The point at which the Sun’s path crosses the celestial equator moving from north to south is called the autumnal equinox. †¢Longitude-Lines of longitude, called meridians, run perpendicular to lines of latitude, and all pass through both poles. Each longitude line is part of a great circle. There is no obvious 0-degree point for longitude, as there is for latitude. Throughout history many different starting points have been used to measure longitude. By international agreement, the meridian line through Greenwich, England, is currently given the value of 0 degrees of longitude; this meridian is referred to as the Prime Meridian. Longitude values are indicate the angular distance between the Prime Meridian and points east or west of it on the surface of the Earth. †¢Latitude-A line connecting all the points with the same latitude value is called a line of latitude. This term is usually used to refer to the lines that represent values in whole degrees. All lines of latitude are parallel to the Equator, and they are sometimes also referred to as parallels. Parallels are equally spaced. There are 90 degrees of latitude going north from the Equator, and the North Pole is at 90 degrees N. There are 90 degrees to the south of the Equator, and the South Pole is at 90 degrees S. When the directional designators are omitted, northern latitudes are given positive values and southern latitudes are given negative values. †¢Right Ascension-The azimuthal angle at which the hour circleof a celestial object is located. The rotation axis taken as the direction of the celestial pole. Right ascension is usually measured in units of time (hours, minutes, and seconds), with one hour of time approximately equal to 15 ° of arc (360 °/24 hours=15 °/hour). †¢Declination-On the celestial sphere, the position of a celestial object north or south of the celestial equator. Declination is measured in degrees along a great circle drawn through the object being measured and the north and south celestial poles, with positive values north of the celestial equator and negative values south of it, so that the equator itself is 0 ° and the north and south celestial poles are +90 ° and -90 ° declination respectively the angular distance of a celestial body north or to the south of the celestial equator; expressed in degrees; used with right ascension to specify positions on the celestial sphere

Life Sentence, Cruel and Unusual Punishment?

Teenagers are always committing petty crimes, and some are more sever then others. Most of the time when juveniles are charged for crimes, they are sent to Juvenile Hall. But what if the crime requires more com/capital-punishment-and-sensitive-societal-issue/">punishment than that? Some teenagers are committing crimes so sever that they’re being tried as adults and serving life in prison without parole. The Supreme Court is now considering whether this sentence constitutes ‘cruel and unusual’ punishment. Teenagers are always doing something illegal because maybe they think it's cool or they’re not thinking properly or whatever it’ll be. But no matter how extensive the crime, teens shouldn’t be imprisoned their whole lives because of one stupid decision or mistake they made at 15 years old. Hopefully some people grow up and out of their old ways and they regret what they had done. But, unfortunately, that’s not enough. Joe Sullivan. 13 years old. Convicted in 1989 for sexually assaulting a 72-year-old woman. Now at 34, Joe is asking the Supreme Court to decide whether his sentence violates the Constitution’s Eighth Amendment ban on â€Å"cruel and unusual punishmentâ€Å". Joe Sullivan is located in Florida – the state holding the highest number of non-homicidal juvenile lifers: 77. Joe’s crime is cruel and unusual but others could and are way worse. According to the reports from the Equal Justice Initiatives, only 8 people in the world, all in the United States, are serving crimes they committed at 13. Prompted by a quick rise in juvenile crimes in the 1990s, Florida and other states have taken a get-tough approach. Which made the punishment much more sever for their crimes. Rebecca Falcon. 5 years old. Convicted on November 19th, 1997 for shooting and killing a cab driver. That night Rebecca was upset over an ex-boyfriend and because of that, she drank a large amount of whiskey. Later on, she and an 18-year-old friend hopped in a cab and within minutes the driver was dead. To this day, the shooter wasn’t identified, however the gun belonged to her friend. Both had put the blame on each other. Now Rebecca is 27 and highly regrets her decisions from night. Some people do mature over time and not everyone deserves to be entenced for life for a crime they committed as teenagers. 2,500 prisoners in the United States are serving life imprisonment for crimes they did as juveniles. 109 people were sentenced for life for crimes that didn’t involve a homicide. Besides Sullivan’s case, there have been only one other case involving teenagers locked away for rape. But the question is, is it right? Obviously putting them in Juvenile Hall will do nothing seeing how they committed the crime a year or two before they would get out if they were put there. But at the same time, life in prison might not be the best thing either. Putting a 13-year-old in jail and telling them they’ll be there for the rest of their lives is somewhat overwhelming. Young teens are more susceptible to peer pressure and easily run off the straight and narrow by the environment around them. Jail is suppose to serve two purposes: Punishment and rehabilitation. However, if teens are being sent to life without parole, they’re only getting the punishment. Not everyone should be giving parole but no one should be denied a chance at another life.

Berlin essays

Berlin essays Berlin is the capital and the biggest town in Germany . It has a population of about 3.5 million and extends over 889 kilometres. Berlin is located in central Europe, longitude 13:25 E, latitude 52:32 N, and is 34 m above sea level Originally Slavic tribes who were replaced by German settlers in the 11th century occupied the area of Berlin. In 1307 the villages of Clln and Berlin were united into a single township. Early Berlin was plagued by disease and banditry and stagnated as unimportant backwater. The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) reduced Berlins population to 6,000 and devastated the economy. The situation improved in 1701 when Berlin became the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia. Under the reign of Frederick the Great Berlin evolved into a major European capital. Frederick was determined to make Berlin a city as great as Paris or London. In 1871 Berlin was elevated to the capital of the new German Empire. During the Imperial Period (1871-1918) Berlin underwent rapid industrialization and saw its population rise well over 1 million. When the German Empire collapsed after World War I (1914-1918), Berlin suffered from street fighting and famine. Berlin soon recovered and became a centre of art and culture du ring the 1920s. In 1933 the Nazi Party came to power and began to redesign Berlin into a fascist capital. The 1936 Olympic games were held as a showcase of Nazi progress, and many new buildings were constructed. On November 9-10 1938, over 80 Jewish shops were destroyed during the Night of Broken Glass. Plans to drastically redesign Berlins city center were halted by the outbreak of World War II (1939-1945). From 1941 to 1943, Berlins Jews were arrested and deported to concentration camps throughout Europe. By 1944 the British and Americans bombed Berlin continuously until the end of the war in May 1945. 50,000 Berliners died during the bombings, and most of the city was destroyed. D ...

Applications of Conics in Acoustics essays

Applications of Conics in Acoustics essays Acoustic is defined as of or relating to sound, or the science of sound. Of the four major conic sections, ellipses and parabolas can have special applications in this science. Some common applications of these are the use of elliptical shape for whispering alleys and a parabolic shape in most speakers. are the same distance from a given point, called the focus, and a given line, the directrix. The vertical line represents the directrix. The point labeled F is the focus of the parabola. The distances d1 and d2 are equal. The curve of a parabola causes any object that travels from the focus to the parabola to bounce in a direction perpendicular to the directrix away from the parabola. This in turn causes any object or wave that comes into the parabola perpendicularly to the directrix to be bounced and reflected directly at the focus of the parabola. Such reflective properties can be especially useful in such devices as parabolic receptor and speakers. A speaker with a parabolic shape can originate the sound vibrations at the focus, and then bounce them off the walls of the speaker to produce concentrated and directed sound waves. The drawing shows how an incoming ray bounces from the parabola to the focus, then away. This is also a very effective technique to use when you want to project a sound to a particular area. This technique has many applications such as in concert halls and auditoriums. When you want to project a sound to a particular spot instead of a larger area, two parabolas are needed. The first parabola reflects the sound from its focus in a straight line to the second parabola. This parabola will then receive the sound waves, and they will all be reflected into the focus of this parabola at the same time. The reflective properties of parabolas are also used in parabolic microphones. Parabolic microphones use this method to pick up sound waves from very large distances. For these microphones to w ...

7 Ways to Improve your Creativity and Become a Better Writer by lauren Gartner

7 Ways to Improve your Creativity and Become a Better Writer 7 Ways to Improve your Creativity and Become a Better Writer If you are a writer, creativity is your lifeblood. It does not matter if you write fiction, advertising copy, news articles, technical and training materials, or text books. The writing process still requires you to think of new and different ways to communicate thoughts, information, and experiences to your readers. If you struggle with what to write next, or if you feel as if you are constantly writing the same thing over and over again, you probably need a creativity boost. When many writers are stuck in this sort of rut, they focus on methods of developing creativity that only focus on writing. Many of these are great (we’ll cover a few below), however, if you want to truly improve your creativity, you have to take a holistic approach. This means becoming a more creative person overall. Because getting started on this journey can be so difficult, here are 7 ways that you can boost your creativity. 1. Drop the Idea that Creativity must Result in a Product If you give up any creative suit the moment you realize that you will not end up with a tangible product, you will never improve your creativity. Developing and improving your creativity is a process. Improving your creativity requires immersing yourself in that process without being concerned about the final results. Try thinking of it like this; an experienced and gifted painter can effortlessly produce a beautiful painting and use little to no creativity while doing so. An inexperienced artist can spend an hour or more using lots of creative energy just conceptualizing a painting and doing some rough drawings. 2. Wake up Early and try Morning Pages The idea of  morning pages  is to wake up each morning and write three pages in longhand. The idea behind this is to simply write without self-editing or being concerned with the final product. Spelling, grammar, voice, and sequence should be the last thing on your mind while you do this. Whatever thoughts, ideas, words, fragments, sentences that come to you, go directly down on paper. Some people believe that it is the writing that builds creativity. Other people believe that this is essentially an information dump that gives room for new creative focus. 3. Indulge your Curiosity How many times in a day do you become curious about something, ‘I wonder how they do that?’, ‘where does this come from?’, ‘who designed that building I drive by every day?’, ‘what was the name of that book?’. How often do you allow yourself the time to pursue those questions? If you brush your own curiosity aside in order to deal with more practical matters, you are doing yourself a major disservice. Pursuing creativity, even if you feel that the subject is trivial opens your mind to new ideas and information. 4. Schedule time to be Creative How can you develop your creativity and become a better writer if you won’t even pencil in time for creativity into your weekly schedule? Give yourself time to work on creative projects each week. 5. Remember that Creativity is not a Talent Creativity is a  learned skill. Developing the creativity you need to become a better writer means that you have to you have to put in work. Natural creativity is a myth as is the idea that a person is simply not creative. 6. Attend Creative Events Visit art museums. Go to concerts. Go to conventions. Invite your friends and drink wine and sculpt or paint in a public art studio! Attend a poetry slam. 7. Try a Different kind of Writing Every once in a while, switch things up and do a bit of writing in a genre or category that isn’t in your wheel house. If you write non-fiction, try writing a poem. If your focus is short stories, try writing a review of the last restaurant you visited. You’ll use different vocabulary when you do this, and you’ll engage different parts of your mind.

Culture's impact on a leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Culture's impact on a leader - Essay Example Notwithstanding this observation, Venezuela could also benefit from being a collectivistic society compared to Germany’s individualistic. In the interview conducted with the colleague from Venezuela, people in this country tend to measure success based on the quality of life as opposed to personal achievements. The results from this interview were confirmed by Hofstede’s results whereby the level of individualism in Venezuela is a low 12, meaning it is more of a collectivistic society. As a result, a leader in Venezuela understands that their success will be determined mainly by the impact they cause on others. In contrast, Germany is individualistic and tends to elevate competition. Being a German, the result is factual and has been backed by Hofstede’s 67 scores.Mostly, a leader in Venezuela could be limited if they do not understand that the power distance is high, meaning employees might not freely relate with them. Consequently, the concerns and opinions rai sed by the workers might not be taken seriously. On the other hand, the Germans can help their leader because of the interaction boosted by the culture of equality. Nonetheless, the Germans’ tendency to be individualistic might be detrimental to teamwork when competition becomes a norm. A high individualistic society tends to care primarily for close relatives alone specifically parents and spouses compared to a collectivistic one. Therefore, the level of success for leaders in both Venezuela and Germany will significantly depend on their understanding of how culture influences effectiveness.

The relation between domestic terrorism and armed forces in the U.S Essay

The relation between domestic terrorism and armed forces in the U.S. in mid-90s - Essay Example Domestic terrorism has existed and influenced the political and social structure of the United States, to varying degrees, since this country's inception. The United States Department of Justice defines domestic terrorism as: "The unlawful use of force or violence, committed by a group(s) of two or more individuals, against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives."1 Historically there have been limited cases or incidents of domestic terrorism in which active duty military personnel have been involved or implicated, most probably due to the rigid structure and character of the military environment. Although terrorism has plagued governments, and public and private institutions for centuries in one form or another, its application and the strategies associated with it have evolved as surely as the societies upon which it is imposed. Technological advances particularly in the transportation, communication and weapons field, have facilitated the abilities of modern-day domestic terrorist groups to get their message out and has improved their capacity to take violent action to achieve their goals. Recent incidents, particularly the Weaver family incident at Ruby Ridge, Idaho, and the incident at the Branch Davidian compound near Waco, Texas, have brought into question the extent to which government interdiction of armed citizen groups is actually le gitimate before it violates their Constitutional civil rights. Additionally, to what extent is the use of force against these groups acceptable In February of 1995, President Clinton introduced a counterterrorism bill into the Senate and House of Representatives. Among other extremely controversial proposals in the bill, the Department of Defense would be assigned an increased role in assisting in the investigation of domestic terrorism incidents in which chemical and biological agents were used (currently the military can be utilized in cases of terrorism in which nuclear weapons or devices are suspected or confirmed).2 Although the increased role for the military would be very limited, requiring further amendment to the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878, civil liberties experts warn that it would violate the tenants of "civil supremacy over the military" and would further kindle the animosities and anti-government sentiment of the citizen-militias and conspiracy theorists.3 Additionally, many Congressmen, law-enforcement officials and some military advisers agree that such uses of the military would be an extremely dangerous avenue of approach to combating domestic terrorism. Apparent Motivation There are basically four categories into which groups that are regarded as domestic terrorists can be distinguished currently existing in the United States. These groups can be generically delineated as being either motivated by: (1) religious

The Advantages of the Oanda Website Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Advantages of the Oanda Website - Essay Example Our website is 100% innovative web-based platform endowed with extraordinary features and over 250 assets that allow you to trade on the leading financial markets inclusive of Forex, indices, stocks, and commodities. Option Rally allows you to trade securely anytime and anywhere in the world without downloading the software. Our website is managed by veteran pros with exceptional knowledge in the financial industry working to make your trading experience simple, fast, user-friendly, and enjoyable. Traders receive training tools on safe and secure Binary Trading platform which is accessible to private and institutional investors globally on major FX crosses, indices, and commodities stocks. Binary options allow trading with no liquidity, wide variety of expiry points, and has Trader711, which allows up to 10% refund of principal investment for unsuccessful trades and 85% returns for successful trades. Binary options allow you to have control of risk and make profits during and volatile markets while monitoring market movements in the shorter period of time.

Hardships of Slavery in the 1800s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hardships of Slavery in the 1800s - Essay Example The Slaves were treated as animals and therefore not entitled to freedom On the other hand; men farmed, herded animals and served in the colonial armies. Slaves were treated as animals and therefore not entitled to freedom. In most parts of the world, slavery was perceived as a means of accumulating wealth and social status. Â  The slaves went through severe challenges and harsh treatment by their masters. In fact, they were forced to work under the scorching sun and severely whipped. The slaves were worked to death regardless of their health condition. They slaves succumbed to severe ailments such as smallpox, tuberculosis, typhoid among others. Enslaved women were sexually harassed by their masters (Kempadoo 6). Despite the many hardships, African slaves were in the highest demand to work in the plantations. This was fueled by the perception that African slaves were immune to severe tropical diseases than slaves from other continents. It was believed that Africans were more experienced in the agricultural field than people other continents. Additionally, African slaves were considered to be muscular and could tolerate adverse climate and hard labor, unlike slaves from other races. African slaves were captured through various ways, for instance, the Europeans enticed them with gifts and false promises. The slaves were as well auctioned in an open market just like common commodities (Orlando 149). Some Africans who failed to meet their debts were sold to pay the debt. Additionally, the Europeans initiated wars between African communities to weaken them and attacked them once they become defenseless.

Economic Collapse of 2008 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Economic Collapse of 2008 - Research Paper Example When events like this occur, we automatically look back at the control systems that are supposed to alert us and in fact prevent such a fiasco from assuming alarming proportions. In this case, obviously something went wrong somewhere or the signs were ignored. This paper will look at the main factors that led to the collapse, the consequences of the collapse, who should be held accountable for it, where we stand today and how it has impacted on our hopes for the future. Main Factors Which Led to the Collapse It all started with an excess of lending in the sub–prime mortgage sector of the USA. The economy was going well and life was good. It seemed that the good times were here to last and there was no letting up. And then it finally happened. Bankers who had previously considered even people with a bad credit history as good enough for taking a loan now began to cut back on lending in the interests of risk control and compliance. As the economy shrunk and credit dried up, bank ers began to call on the sub-prime mortgages and the consumers were left with nowhere to turn to. Imagine their predicament as interest rates rose up and they had to let go of their precious mortgages. It was havoc and pandemonium in the housing sector. As the crisis deepened, even the banks that had not provided adequately for bad debts in the real estate sector were affected. Merrill Lynch and Lehman Brothers in the USA and Morgan Stanley in the UK were institutions that were brought down by the crisis; others have had to sell off, divest and re-organize themselves. For institutions like international banks, who have diversified their investment portfolios across the world in different continents to spread risk, it was inevitable that their holdings were impacted in some way or the other. AIG and Citibank in the USA, Deutsche Bank in Europe, Citigroup in the USA and Standard Chartered in the UK were all offered stimulus packages that have helped them recover rather than join the r anks of the bankrupt companies. To date in excess of 400 small and large banks have had to bite the dust. One contributing factor it seems that too much power had been given to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in relation to credit and control over the housing and real estate sector in the USA. The burgeoning housing sector has been hard to control. With their disbanding, and control in the hands of another regulatory agency, things are expected to become better. Another factor that has us bogged down is our insistence on continuing the War on Terror, a war we cannot win so easily. After nine years of fighting in Afghanistan and five in Iraq, we have little to show for it. We are spending millions of dollars per day and the average US citizen is being mired in debt without his consent. The 9/11 attacks were a blessing in disguise to the faltering Bush Administration who wasted no time passing the Patriot Act, creating Homeland Security and terrorizing citizens with different alert levels, racial profiling and enhanced security checks at airports. Bush had famously announced the names of countries he regarded as the Axis of Evil nations in a speech. He vetoed many of the expenses on the War on Terror, over the combined judgment of Congress representatives. The result is trillions of dollars in debt which we cannot possibly correct in our lifetimes. Many have criticized the

What are the fundamentals of the criminal investigation Essay

What are the fundamentals of the criminal investigation - Essay Example However, this paper is going to discuss one of the interviews conducted by the writer from a local police man regarding the fundamentals of criminal investigation and how it is conducted in the real world and what are some of the issues which need to consider in order to make this process more effective. The methods of inquiry are the most critical means of achieving the goals set for the criminal investigation. When we asked the question of how and what methods of inquiry the local police adapt during a criminal investigation process, our interview responded that the methods of inquiry largely depend upon the nature and intensity of the crime. The integrity of the personnel involved in enquiring for the crime scene is one of the most critical aspects of the investigation as in many cases, law enforcement personnel bring in their emotions and sentiments while enquiring for the crime committed. There are different methods of inquiry for a crime including forensic testing, on the spot collection of evidence, polygraphing the suspects etc are just few of the methods which according to our interview are adapted by the local police. Regarding the mindset of the investigator during the criminal investigation, he was of the opinion that to remain impartial is one of the toughest jobs for an investigator. Though an investigator shall be an open minded individual and shall consider all the aspects of investigation however, in reality, investigators often lose their professional impartiality and start thinking in more predictive manner which may not be as good for the victims or even suspects. As the writer discussed regarding how an investigator shall behave during the criminal investigation, one issue that emerged is as to how an investigator shall address the evidence and proof. He was of the opinion that while an investigator’s purpose is to solve the crime and

Economic Collapse of 2008 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Economic Collapse of 2008 - Research Paper Example When events like this occur, we automatically look back at the control systems that are supposed to alert us and in fact prevent such a fiasco from assuming alarming proportions. In this case, obviously something went wrong somewhere or the signs were ignored. This paper will look at the main factors that led to the collapse, the consequences of the collapse, who should be held accountable for it, where we stand today and how it has impacted on our hopes for the future. Main Factors Which Led to the Collapse It all started with an excess of lending in the sub–prime mortgage sector of the USA. The economy was going well and life was good. It seemed that the good times were here to last and there was no letting up. And then it finally happened. Bankers who had previously considered even people with a bad credit history as good enough for taking a loan now began to cut back on lending in the interests of risk control and compliance. As the economy shrunk and credit dried up, bank ers began to call on the sub-prime mortgages and the consumers were left with nowhere to turn to. Imagine their predicament as interest rates rose up and they had to let go of their precious mortgages. It was havoc and pandemonium in the housing sector. As the crisis deepened, even the banks that had not provided adequately for bad debts in the real estate sector were affected. Merrill Lynch and Lehman Brothers in the USA and Morgan Stanley in the UK were institutions that were brought down by the crisis; others have had to sell off, divest and re-organize themselves. For institutions like international banks, who have diversified their investment portfolios across the world in different continents to spread risk, it was inevitable that their holdings were impacted in some way or the other. AIG and Citibank in the USA, Deutsche Bank in Europe, Citigroup in the USA and Standard Chartered in the UK were all offered stimulus packages that have helped them recover rather than join the r anks of the bankrupt companies. To date in excess of 400 small and large banks have had to bite the dust. One contributing factor it seems that too much power had been given to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in relation to credit and control over the housing and real estate sector in the USA. The burgeoning housing sector has been hard to control. With their disbanding, and control in the hands of another regulatory agency, things are expected to become better. Another factor that has us bogged down is our insistence on continuing the War on Terror, a war we cannot win so easily. After nine years of fighting in Afghanistan and five in Iraq, we have little to show for it. We are spending millions of dollars per day and the average US citizen is being mired in debt without his consent. The 9/11 attacks were a blessing in disguise to the faltering Bush Administration who wasted no time passing the Patriot Act, creating Homeland Security and terrorizing citizens with different alert levels, racial profiling and enhanced security checks at airports. Bush had famously announced the names of countries he regarded as the Axis of Evil nations in a speech. He vetoed many of the expenses on the War on Terror, over the combined judgment of Congress representatives. The result is trillions of dollars in debt which we cannot possibly correct in our lifetimes. Many have criticized the

Sustainability as a source of competitive advantage in the hospitality Dissertation

Sustainability as a source of competitive advantage in the hospitality industry - Dissertation Example This is not to say that hotel patronage is solely determined by tourist take-up rates, because there is a significant amount of business that is generated by customers whose trips are related to business. Good examples of these are regional conventions or other such gatherings where a good number of participants come from distant locations, and need to stay over at hotels. Other than these, however, tourists typically stay for longer periods of time and more benefited from the hotel’s services and amenities. Because of the contracting revenues as a result of the economic crisis, hotels feel the need to develop new, non-traditional sources of competitive advantage. Simultaneous with this need is the challenge posed to business and industry to reduce emission levels as well as their environmental footprints. 1.2 Statement of the problem The tourism and hospitality industry is one of those industries particularly suited to usher in economic progress for most developing countries. It is also poised to be the industry that jumpstarts the ailing economies for those developed countries severely impacted by the global recession. Since sustainability is a major issue in the selection of hotels by visiting tourists, and inasmuch as travellers’ first act in booking a hotel is to learn about it from its website, the projection of sustainability through the website gains paramount importance for the business. The problem this research seeks to address may thus be stated as: How does sustainability applied by hotel companies impact on customer satisfaction? 1.3 Purpose of the study The purpose of undertaking the research is to discover and analyse the predominant environmental sustainability policies and practices disclosed by hotel companies as experienced by their customers. Since visitors to hotels are diverse and ha ve different needs and expectations, the current â€Å"greening† of hotel accommodations and amenities would tend to impact them in different ways, some favourably and some unfavourably. Those customers who understand and support the global need for sustainability will tend to approve of and support the present efforts in the hotel industry to install more environment-friendly amenities. However, those for whom sustainability is not an important consideration may be indifferent to the changes, and maybe even resentful of the added costs entailed, or the feeling of displacement due to the adoption of more efficient, cost-saving features. This study is informed by academic literature on customer acceptance and preferences for sustainable hotel services, and elements of customer satisfaction in the hotel industry. The study by Millar and Baloglu (2008) on hotel guests’ preferences for green hotel attributes, and that of Dominici and Guzzo (2010) on customer satisfaction i n the hotel industry in general, provided the theoretical framework for the study. 1.4 Objectives of the study In order to provide the best possible conclusion to the research problem, the following objectives have been identified which the study hopes to attain: 1.4.1 To identify the elements of sustainability relevant to hotel companies; 1.4.2 To analyse the sustainability attributes of hotel companies’ services as perceived and experienced by hotel guests; 1.4.3 To analyse elements of sustainability that impact upon customer satisfaction in the hotel industry; and 1.4.4 To determine market directions in the demand for

Impact Of Motivational Rewards on Employees Essay Example for Free

Impact Of Motivational Rewards on Employees Essay MOTIVATION: Internal and external factors that stimulate desire and energy in people to be continually interested and committed to a job, role or subject, or to make an effort to attain a goal. Motivation results from the interaction of both conscious and unconscious factors such as the (1) intensity of desire or need, (2) incentive or reward value of the goal, and (3) expectations of the individual and of his or her peers. These factors are the reasons one has for behaving a certain way. An example is a student that spends extra time studying for a test because he or she wants a better grade in the class. MOTIVATION IN BUSINESS: Companies can motivate employees to do a better job than they otherwise would. Incentives that can be offered to staff include increased pay or improved working conditions. Motivational theories suggest ways to encourage employees to work harder. A motivated workforce results in: Increased output caused by extra effort from workers. Improved quality as staff take a greater pride in their work. A higher level of staff retention. Workers are keen to stay with the firm and also reluctant to take unnecessary days off work. Managers can influence employee motivation in a variety of ways: Monetary factors: some staff work harder if offered higher pay. Non monetary factors: other staff respond to incentives that have nothing to do with pay, eg improved working conditions or the chance to win promotion. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Reward Systems is a vital aspect of any organization. They can actively engage and renew the overall sense of community and mission of an organization Reward systems according to Sziligyi [1981], are outcomes or events in the organization that satisfy work related needs. Rewards systems are much more than just bonus plans and stock options but while they often include intrinsic incentives, they also include extrinsic. A well-organized reward system will motivate and energize employees because it recognizes the achievements of employees . Reward system implemented by organization will  influence employees’ behavior and attitude towards their job if the rewards satisfy their needs and help them to reach their personal goals. When employees desire to get the rewards, they will change their behavior in order to achieve the minimum level of performance required by organization. Organizations often design and implement the reward system without linking it with the ultimate improvement of organization’s performance .Therefore, the reward system is unable to contribute significantly to the performance of an organization Motivation is such a factor that exerts a driving force on our actions and work. According to Baron (1983) motivation is an accumulation of different processes which influence and direct our behavior to achieve some specific goal. Motivation depends on certain intrinsic, as well as, extrinsic factors which in collaboration results in fully committed employees. Incentives, rewards and recognitions are the prime factors that impact on employee motivation. The factors like incentives and rewards are the most preferred factors for employee motivation programs Rewards is one of the important elements to motivate employees for contributing their best effort to generate innovation ideas that lead to better business functionality and further improvise company performance both financial and non-financially. Today an organizations result is highly dependent on the employees work motivation. It is therefore important for a company to find out what motivates its employees so that it can plan a suitable reward system and gain better results. The right combination of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards can boost up the employees work motivation and enhance their commitment to the company. COMPANY PROFILES: KASBIT: KASBIT Private Limited is the parent body of KASBIT that was established in September 1999, through Registration with Securities Exchange Commission of Pakistan, Government of Pakistan. It is the first Private Sector Institute of Higher Education that was registered as a Corporate body. Since its inception, KASBIT has achieved many a mile-stones that advocate its high standard, excellence and quality recognition. KASBIT is Chartered by the Government of Sindh and recognized by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, which has also awarded the highest category W(4) rating to KASBIT in recognition of the high educational standards that it maintains KASBIT is  recognized by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan and has been awarded the highest ranking of W(A) under whom the standards of educational institutions are scrutinized and evaluated in Pakistan. KASBIT became a member of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB), which is based in the US to ensure the quality and continuous improvements in collegiate management education. KASBIT was certified by ISO in January 2002 in recognition of the high quality control system that it has in place. By this virtue, KASBIT became the first ISO-9001 Certified Degree Awarding Institute in the Private Sector of Pakistan. BAHARIA UNIVERSITY: Pakistan Navy established Bahria Institute at Islamabad and Karachi in the late eighties. These Institutes were aimed at providing quality and uninterrupted education up to Intermediate level, to the children of naval personnel on their transfer from one station to another and in turn to contribute to the cause of promotion of education at the national level. Over the years these Institutes grew in size and facilities, leading to the starting of BBA and B.Sc(CS) classes in 1995. These programs have since been upgraded to BBA (Hons), BCS (Hons) and MBA, MCS Program which were introduced in Fall 1997 as evening programs run under the management of two independent Institutes one each at Karachi and Islamabad respectively. The institutes are known as Bahria Institute of Management and Computer Science short title BIMCS suffixed with the location i.e. Karachi or Islamabad. Objectives: Bahria University, though very young, has the will and determination to develop and attain the objectives set forth below: Ensure academic excellence through quality education in disciplined and peaceful learning environments. Establish Campuses, Research Institutes, Schools and Colleges across the length and breadth of Pakistan to turn population explosion into knowledge based force. Prepare the younger generation to become future leaders and managers for a prosperous and educated Pakistan, through development of their mental, moral and professional strengths. Ensure academic excellence through quality education in disciplined and peaceful learning environments. Constantly monitor and upgrade facilities and update  the curricula to keep pace with the emerging trends and technologies. Coordinate and provide facilities for exchange of knowledge and applied research in the newly emerging fields in collaboration with national and international Universities and research institutes. RES EARCH AREA: Human resource (HR) OBJECTIVE: Find out to what extend does employees performance influenced by motivation PROBLEM STATEMENT: Decreasing Employees performance satisfaction due to lack of motivational factors that drives employee’s productivity level at its best in educational sector. KEY RESEARCH QUESTIONS: 1. What Is the Relationship between Employees Performance and motivation? 2. How many types of motivation that drives employee’s productivity? 3. What Is the Effect of Intrinsic motivation On Employee’s Performance? 4. What is the Effect of Extrinsic motivation On Employee’s Performance? 5. What measures can be taken to increase employee’s motivation level? 6. What are the factors behind the low productivity of employee? 7. What should be the behavior of employer towards the employee’s job satisfaction? INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: Intrinsic Motivation 1. Recognition 2. Learning opportunity 3. Career advancement Extrinsic Motivation 1. Basic Pay 2. Performance Bonus DEPENDENT VARIABLES: EMPLOYEES PERFORMANCE LIMITATION: Insufficient Funds Small sample size Time barrier Hardly possibility that organization will provide authentic information regarding their employees Research can take place only within the city Being a student’s it’s hard to get perfect information regarding their whole scenario of problem DE-LIMITATIONS: Respondents will not provide appropriate response Employees will feel insecure while sharing their organizations’ point of view. Time conscious City situations SCOPE OF THE STUDY: This study will provide a better understanding to employers who have been facing employees low productivity level they can get a better understanding of how motivational factors can influence an employee’s performance level that ultimately helps in growth of organization. This study will helps organization to increase employees performance through a perfect combination of intrinsic or extrinsic motivational factors. And it can be use in different dimension of business where employers are facing low productivity of employees. HYPOTHESIS: H1: Recognition has an impact on Employees Performance. Ho: Recognition has not impact on Employees Performance. H1: learning opportunity has an impact on Employees Performance. Ho: learning opportunity has not impact on Employees Performance. H1: Career advancements have an impact on Employees Performance. Ho: Career advancements have not impact on Employees Performance. H1: Basic Pay has an impact on Employees Performance. Ho: Basic pay has not impact on Employees Performance. H1: Performance bonus has an impact on Employees Performance. Ho: Performance bonus has not impact on Employees Performance.

Excellence in Engineering Education :: Education Engineer Educating Essays

How should we describe the excellent engineer and what kind of education is demanded by such a person? Several issues are involved. One of these is the character of our times; that is, the best engineer out of the "science engineering" model of the 1950s may have little value in the early 21st Century. Another issue is the concept of education. How do education and training differ and how is excellence achieved? Finally, clearly, there is the issue of what we would expect of an engineer who is truly excellent. Fortunately for us, ABET (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology) seeks to define the excellent engineer and the excellent engineering program by outlining a number of criteria that should be met by any accredited program in engineering education. It is important to note, at the outset, that ABET begins with an overarching criterion that "engineering programs must prepare graduates for the practice of engineering at a professional level." (My emphasis) This must mean something more than mere vocational training. As a professional, the engineer must exercise considerable autonomy and use intelligent individual judgment. The professional engineer can be no mere employee; he/she must become a partner in the development of technology. By its very nature a professional partnership involves certain viewpoints, methods, and standards developed by the community of professionals, who have common interests and objectives, and these must stand independent of those who would employ o r otherwise seek the service of these professionals. Three of the five criteria developed by ABET recognize aspects of the educational institution that, I suspect, all will agree with without much hesitation. Students of high quality must be attracted and served well. Faculty of high quality must be attracted and retained. Educational objectives must be stated clearly and publicly; some form of evaluation must be in place to assure that these objectives are achieved. The one worrisome aspect of the new ABET criteria is what appears to be an overwhelming emphasis on quantitative assessment, phrased in terms of outcomes. While it is one thing to plan for and hope for significant outcomes, it is another to expect that genuinely desirable outcomes will always be so "objective" that quantitative assessment is remotely possible. At the very least, there should be some allowance for the obvious fact that certain outcomes take longer than others to be realized. It is true, of course, that the longer an outcome takes, the more complex are the f actors that contribute to it.

Transfer of Personal Data to a Third Country :: Safe Harbor Agreement Human Rights Essays

Transfer of Personal Data to a Third Country I. Introduction 1.) An old issue, growing in importance Searching the web, one can see that privacy on the Internet is a big issue. Countless US or EU based human rights initiatives are fighting for the right to privacy. What is the reason for this? Although concerns about consumers' ability to protect their privacy have been in existence for decades, the Internet makes the issue more delicate: Businesses have access to a larger audience, which allows them to collect more data from more people. Furthermore, collection of more specific behavioural information is possible attaching cookies to a hard drive, reporting which websites someone enters.[1] In addition, data collection and storage having become much easier, faster and cheaper, cost concerns do not limit data-collection practices.[2] At the same time, the market for information about consumers and consumer behaviour is continuously growing, side by side with the expansion of e-commerce. 2.) Definition of the issue Privacy can be defined as "the right of the individual to be protected against intrusion into his personal life or affairs, or those of his family, by direct physical means or by publication of information."[3] This paper will focus purely on information privacy, also known as "data protection", which means the rules governing the collection and handling of personal data such as a person's name, address, phone number, family status, social security or other identification number or even medical, financial or government records. Data protection concerns the process of gathering, storing, analysis and distribution of personal data. Privacy issues can be divided into relations with the public sector and with the private sector.[4] In this paper, I will concentrate on the private sector, especially relevant because of the growing importance of e-commerce. 3.) Fundamentally different approaches in the US and the EU Europe and the US have very different approaches to data protection and privacy. In 250 years, nations on each side of the Atlantic have evolved their democracies into distinct forms of society and market economy. Differences in culture, policies and society are the consequence. a.) Government Interference vs. Self-Regulation As discussed in seminar one, there is an ongoing dispute regarding the approach in choosing an apt legal framework for the public and transnational sphere of cyberspace: Some scholars want governments to interfere as little as possible, others see the need for a unified legal framework. It seems that, concerning the privacy issue, the EU has chosen the latter option, by imposing a comprehensive, general law governing the collection, use and dissemination of data by public and private sector, whose enforcement is assured by an oversight body. The US tends to rely on sectoral laws, and on self-regulation for the

Spiritual self-discipline Essay

Quest for moral values in the works of gurudev rabindranath tagore Professor B. K. Patel Head, Department of English M. G. Govt. Art and Science College, Kharsia, Chhattisgarh Abstract:- Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore was a noble thinker, amazing poet, dramatist, best teacher, keen essayist and unbelievable artist of great excellence. He clearly asserts ‘Let us reset our moral compass. ‘His views on the lifestyle depend on the values of commitment, patriotism and naturalism. In spite of his being a great thinker, he propagated the ideas of naturalism and pragmatism. The values that we generally find and enjoy in the literature and philosophies of Tagore are Idealism, Humanism, Naturalism, Patriotism, internationalism and so on. Tagore says that man should identify the â€Å"ultimate truth† which will free him from the life circle. Encounter according to him is the interview with oneself. He trusts that the planet is the mixture of both fact and impression. In Tagore’s point of view, man is formed with unlimited power, which is unwanted of his subst antial existence. This superfluity is the infinite potentiality of human nature and creativity. The unwanted potentiality of man translates itself in person’s spiritual religious and ethical activities. As an idealist, he was a keen promoter of facts, benefits and ideas. According to him, by using art man can experience the completeness of the high standards of life. The peculiar artistry was nothing but sincere and spiritual self-discipline. He said that trust on and worship of God could spiritualize people’ duties and works. As a Humanist, Gurudev Rabindrabath Tagore said the characteristics of man and man are created by superior power. There is a powerful bond between man and characteristics, so man should act naturally to feel the significance of superpower within him. Knowing of self is the key to recognize the Godhood in self. As a Naturalist, he remains an excellent teacher that is not problematic for man. Nature is kind, gentle and sympathetic like a mother. As a true Patriot, Rabindranath Tagore was an excellent poet, preacher, master and servant of the nation. His documents are filled with the loyal  dogmas and doctrines. He had sworn during the independence movement to make the nation free from international slavery. His dedication for the nationwide service, sincere feeling, and certainty was great. â€Å"Jana, Gana, Mana†¦ is the popular National Anthem which elicited a powerful a sense of unity and nationalism. As a proponent of Internationalism he was in favour of the one world. He says that unity among social, color and spiritual diversities is the need of the time. Sophisticated emotions are significant in his literary creations and works of arts. Finally, he was a follower and promoter of Vedanta. He had faith on the one Supreme Being that he has called as the holy Brahma. He finds unity in the diversities in the world and a spiritual oneness between man and man, man and characteristics. The relation between God and human must be like that of between love and joy. He witnesses God in all matters and soul. He believes that existence of Lord Brahma is there in all the living beings. Adequa te answers of all the queries occur when we understand the lifestyle of Brahma within him. RABINDRANATH TAGORE AND HUMAN VALUES Biswajit Baidya Asstt. Professor, Deptt. of Philosophy, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar College, Belonia, South Tripura. Abstract- R.N. Tagore’s philosophical works are so vast that it is a herculean task to do proper justice to the world class philosopher. From R.N. Tagore’s books, we can easily surmise his own philosophical thoughts and ideas. Looking at the modern times, there is a widespread feeling of hatred, enmity and distrust among religions, caste and nations. There is a competition to use religion in the name of religionlessness. The source of such deplorable acts is not the aforesaid search for peaceful self-consciousness. It’s source is restless self-consciousness. R. N. Tagore’s view of humanism and philosophical thought never shows the unconscious principle of life and the feeling of division and conflicts as the ultimate goal of man. Tagore gives importance to ‘BhÄ gavatgÄ «tÄ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ which teaches that one knows oneself without the division of intelligence. The Supreme spirit is everything, holds every things together. As a matter of fact, in this modern age of disdain, enmity, dismay, dishonesty, distrusted and suspicion among different religion castes and nations, R.N. Tagore’s Message and Occasional Speeches serve as a panacea for the ills of human beings. Key words: humanism, religion, values, human beings. â€Å"QUEST FOR HUMAN VALUES IN RABINDRANATH TAGORE’S GITANJALI† Dr. Baburam Swami Assistant Professor, Deptt. of English, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar College, Belonia, South Tripura. ABSTRACT: Tagore’s love for humanity is omnipresent. He shows great concern for the strife, sorrows and sufferings of humanity. His poetry is full of lofty idealism and undaunted optimism. The common objects of nature and human life are glorified and coloured in the radiance of his romantic imagination endowed with boundless love for liberty, fraternity and equality. He is a singer of the smiles and tears of human life. Spiritual humanist finds out spiritual significance in the commonplace activities of life and god in humble cottages. He condemns castes and creeds, which divide humankind. All human beings are equal to the creator there is no untouchable in the great body of God. He occupies front position in the congregation of the prophets of Humanism for his songs. Tagore’s poetry Gitanjali reflects his desperate efforts to see the world to live in peace and harmony in reality. He strives hard to foster the values of humanity and bring happiness in the land by encouraging the individuals to love one another and lead a harmonious life full of contentment. Gitanjali means song offering which are of the finite to the infinite. It is the poetry of the highest order and brings strange consolation to the human heart. It is poetry in which men converse with eternity. This paper focuses on the human values in the Gitanjali. It depicts the chaos and incoherence, the confusion of sensations and emotions that constitute the human consciousness. It also  depicts multi-theme of human relationships. It is the study of motion and commotion for establishment of human values. It is an attempt to get a glimpse of Tagore’s philosophy of humanism. It also aims at studying Rabindranath Tagore’s Poetry Gitanjali that fosters almost all positive values not only in India but also abroad. THE HUMANISTIC APPROACH IN THE SCIENTIFIC CONSCIOUSNESS OF RABINDRANATH TAGORE Sohini Deb (Nandi) Research Scholar, Department of Sanskrit, Tripura University Abstract- The human values of the universal humanitarian considerations reached the level of high standard in the cultural activities and literary productions of Rabindranath Tagore, one of the greatest poet and men of wisdom. The extraordinary and the multifaceted talent of the poet embrace the diversity of valuable ideas of which science is a potential element. The flight of his imagination was not wild but sensible. It helped him to realise the truth comprehensively. It also transcended the limits of material forces and acquainted him to true nature of the infinite. His realisation and the study of scientific literature made him rich enough in the awareness that the application of science should be used exclusively for the utility of the mankind and especially to improve lots of the poor eradicating ignorance and superstitions. He studied books on science, went deep into the roots of the scientific principles and afterwards wrote books to make the ordinary people aware scientifica lly the surroundings of our society where we really live. He composed the books like ‘Visvaparichaya’ and ‘Taramandali abang Mahakasha’. He also inspired other scholars of science to write for awareness of scientific thought in the ordinary mass. He also wrote articles and took such measures for qualitative change in the technological know-how for agriculture. His experiment started in the Shriniketan and inspired his son Rathindranath for obtaining a degree in agricultural science. He was devoted to enrich the plant life too. He also took out most care in the human and social environment so as to make a man of the society physically and mentally healthy. From the height of cosmos down to the individual and material earth and the human societies with  peculiar characteristics in the particular surroundings, the poet Rabindranath try to catch the linking thread so as to have a clear conception to apply science for the good of mankind. It was inherent in the mind of the poet which has been revealed in his writings and activities that without invariable and concomitant association with the human value system, science is incapable of doing any good to mankind rather it acts like Frankenstein. RABINDRANATH TAGORE AND HIS UNIVERSAL HUMANISM Rajesh Bhattacharjee, Anup kumar Biswas M.A. in Bengali, Tripura University Abstract- Now a days the moral values from human nature is abolishing. If anybody should be mentioned as pure humanist in the India as well as in the world he is one and only Rabindranath Tagore .He earned a lot of experience in his whole life. He noticed the cruelty and destruction during the Second World War. He realized that the moral values are decreasing day by day.Then he determined to restore the human values and revive the moral ideas. In his essays like ‘kalantar’,’Yourope probasir patra’, ‘Batayaniker patra’, ‘Lokahita’, ‘purba o paschim’, ‘ Savyatar sankat’ he expressed his judgments’ about the humanism. Not only has this had his poems, proses, novels, and his short stories also born the significance of his humanist attitude. After travelling the whole world he felt that most of the people are losing their identity, depriving by the upper classes, exploiting by the rulers. He declared lou dly the winning song of humanity and restored our consciousness. So in today if we want to reconstruct our humanism we have to remember his message and preserve human values like love, faith, sincerity and devotion. We can celebrate his 150th birth anniversary and gave him proper honour through obeying his messages and his ideas.

Case Studyâ€Baldwin Bicycles Essay

From the article it seemed that Baldwin Bicycle Company competed somewhere between a cost leader and a differentiator. Baldwin had been a bicycle manufacturer for almost 40 years. The article illustrated that Baldwin Bicycle had the image of being above average in quality in price, meaning to say that it was not low cost competitor. Besides, Baldwin had never before distributed its products through department store chains of K-Mart, which is well-known for its low price. However, no obvious evidence showed that Baldwin had targeted a particular market segment as a differentiator. To begin with, the company seemed trying to attract all range of customers—its product line involved 10 models which targeted from small beginners’ model with training wheels to a deluxe 12 speed adult’s model. Moreover, over a long term operation, Baldwin Bicycle seemed not created any superior competitive advantage that could be identified by customers to be apart from its competitors, such as brand loyalty, customer service, product feathers or technology. Above all, Baldwin Bicycle had not clarified its strategic orientation currently. b If Baldwin took up Hi-Valu’s offer, how might this change the way Baldwin competes? In particular, think about the effect on Baldwin’s costs and distribution channels(i.e. the retailers).(45%) If accepting the offer, Baldwin’s strategy may be restructured more like a cost-leader. Before drawing a draft cost analysis, several assumptions should be considered. a) Selling price should remain consistent. b) Variable and fixed costs should remain constant. Direct material and labor costs remained the same in the current range, and no idle time allowed. c) Estimation of that Hi-Value would purchase 25.000 units and Baldwin would lose 3000 units should be accurate. Incremental cost and revenue if accept Hi-Value’s offer Baldwin got capacity to accept the offer since 75% capacity had been used. Total capacity would be 131,721 units so Baldwin was able to produce extra 25,000 units. While sales volume was estimated to be 100,000 units less 3,000 units deduction plus 25,000 units=122,000 units, which quite near to its total capacity, fixed and variable costs level would change. Contribution margin was calculated as $12.47 after tax. Deducting one time added costs per unit of $0.2 , increased working capital $4.33 per unit and margin on lost margin(3,000units loss), total incremental effect would be $2.72. Effect on profit was total $68,000. Although Challenger’s offer could guarantee additional revenue, incremental costs would put burden on Baldwin’s current financial position provided accounts receivables from Hi-Value increased, making Baldwin had no extra money to develop its own product, such as new technology and feathers. As a result, to take the offer made Baldwin’s own products harder going up to the top. Distribution channel Currently Baldwin only distributed its products in speciality bicycle shops. After the offer being accepted, more distribution channels in Hi-Value stores at lower price than well-known bicycle brand such as Trek. Lower price with no significant new feathers or brand image, Challenger seemed more like low cost product. Customer and competitor reactions Accepting the offer would to some extent damage Baldwin’s brand image. Lower price and more discount distribution channel would pull Baldwin down from â€Å"above average in quality and price† speciality bicycle manufacturer to lower price manufacturer, causing a potential loss of customers and sales. Some competitors would follow Baldwin’s step, seeking for new investment or cooperation with department stores like Hi-Values . In the long run, this may share Baldwin’s current estimated sales or even, Hi-Value would cease the contract after 3 years and turn to someone else who offered lower price than Baldwin. By contrast, similar manufacturers may go to the opposite side- develop new technology, add up fresh feathers and advertise as top products to a be differentiators. In this term Baldwin may suffer from such  an embarrassing brand image from long run perspective. Other factors In addition, in terms of break-even point and safety margin, Baldwin was on the edge of losing sales due to the poor economic, resulting in a closer distance of the break-even point. To avoid the risk of making a loss rather than a profit, Baldwin should take the offer. However, before that Baldwin should also think about its cash flow. From the income statement it seemed that Baldwin could not bring out enough cash to the project. Besides, since production would increase, more warehouse space would be required which would incur further costs. Besides, above assumption didn’t include risk of losing more sales .Moreover, based on the current debt equity ratio, high leverage level would happen if Baldwin financed by loan since majority of its loan were short- term rather than long- term. To sum up, before taking the offer, it was essential for Baldwin to clearly define its strategy and consider the effect on it about accepting the offer. c Using Miles and Snow typology, speculate on Baldwin Bicycle Company’s strategic positioning.(45%) From Miles and Snow typology, Baldwin was projected to be a reactor. Since prospector should be highly innovative and analyzer’s domain is a mixture of stable and changing product or market, apparently Baldwin would not be one of those by maintaining in the current market and product line. Problems arose whether Baldwin was a defender or reactor. From strategy’ point of view, Baldwin behaved more like a reactor. Mile and Snow typology defines three reasons for an organization to be a reactor. 1. Top management of Baldwin had not clearly articulated the organization’s strategy. As talked in Question a, over 40 years Baldwin chose to act somewhere in between.  No clear strategy made Baldwin respond only when it was forced to by macro environmental pressures , in this case the poor economy. 2. Management does not fully shape the organization’s structure and processes to fit a chosen strategy. Compared to defender strategy which intends to secure and stable current market by offering a limited range of products, or offer better quality products or customer service, though selling and admiration expense was relevant high, Baldwin just sit there offering all range of  products without improve product quality . No internal reshape had been carried out , but response to external Hi-Value’s offer as it occurred. 3. Tendency for Management to maintain the organization’s current strategy-structure relationship despite overwhelming changes in environmental conditions. Al though risk of losing sales in the current economic situation and consideration of Hi-Value’s offer arose, top management seemed did not intend to restructure their strategy—to a definite cost leader or absolute top product. Above all, Baldwin was speculated to be reactor.

And Learning English With The Help Of Computers Education Essay

This survey attempts to research and analyze the function of computing machines in the procedure of instruction and larning English in an Argentinean private school of English. The chief purpose is to look into and understand the usage of computing machines in the schoolroom and to detect whether they contribute to further the procedure of larning English. The different instruction state of affairss are examined every bit good as the activities carried out in the schoolroom and the pupil ‘s and teacher ‘s functions. The environments in which pupils learn and the ways in which people work and live are invariably being transformed by bing and emerging engineerings. Hence, technological alterations appears to act upon everyone in society and dispute the traditional procedure of instruction and acquisition, every bit good as the manner in which instruction is managed. The outgrowth of the wireless, telecasting, tape participants and pictures became of import resources for instructors to back up their lessons and the same occurred in the 1970ss and 1880ss when personal computing machines reached the markets. It seems to be utile to transport out this research in order to happen the advantages that engineering, particularly computing machines, offers to education sing two groups of scholars from two different school of English in Olavarria, which is a metropolis in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Many theories have been presented by assorted researches and there is still controversy among this subject. Therefore, diging into such of import facets is indispensable to be experimented in order to explicate our ain decisions. This paper will be aimed at garnering meaningful findings which may assist instructors in general to get down sing the usage of computing machines and the Internet in the different schoolrooms. ( alteration or accommodate ) Warschauer ( 1996 ) suggests that engineering turned out to be an indispensable tool in instruction as it provides pupils with valuable connexions with instructors, other schools and students, every bit good as a broad web of professionals around the Earth. Nowadays, these important engineerings are used in instruction in order to better it and do pupils take full advantage of them. However, furthering the usage of computing machines seems to be complex issue to be implemented in Argentinean ‘s schoolrooms due to the deficiency of resources. As a consequence, few schools have the possibility to take advantage of the available engineering and instructors tend to avoid this new tool. The intent of this work is to demo whether the usage of computing machines and the Internet stimulates pupils to larn a foreign linguistic communication and assist them to develop the different macro accomplishments expeditiously. Expectations are directed towards the activities that scholars are able to make with engineering that they would non be able to make without it. The findings of this research will convey valuable foundations to reflect upon the advantages of presenting computing machine assisted linguistic communication acquisition ( CALL ) in the procedure of instruction and larning a foreign linguistic communication. Literature reappraisal The functions of computing machines in the schoolroom The integrating of computing machines in instruction has been discussed widely and much attending has been devoted to their function in the schoolrooms. The first execution of computing machines in instruction was around the sixtiess but their usage was really limited. From that clip onwards, the developments of computing machines grew and the function it has in instruction presents is that of an instructional tool for presenting information that can excite instruction and acquisition. Computer assisted linguistic communication acquisition ( CALL ) is going a relevant country and might assist instructors to actuate pupils to larn through engineering. Bergel and Gonzalez ( 2009 ) states that web-based tools might provide for existent life communicative demands, and they allow pupils to go more independent and to interact with other scholars, instructors and society in general. It has besides been stated that â€Å" aˆÂ ¦ certain types of scholars may be better suited to some CALL stuffs than other pupils † ( Chapelle & A ; Jamieson, 1986, p. 27 ) . The writers assured that pupils who are non field independent, for illustration, show a important penchant for utilizing CALL. There are three phases of Computer assisted linguistic communication larning identifiable in recent old ages. Harmonizing to Warschauer ( 1996 ) , there exists three stages of Call: Behavioristic: is based on behaviorist larning theory, and it focuses on insistent linguistic communication drills. In this phase, the computing machine is viewed as a coach moving as a medium for directing instructions and stuffs to pupils. Communicative: The 2nd stage of CALL emerged in the! 970s and 1980s when the communicative attack to the instruction of a foreign linguistic communication was in trend. This phase emerged when pedagogues felt that the boring attack did non let plenty reliable communicating. The computing machine is used for accomplishment pattern, but at that place no boring techniques are used. There is more learner pick, control and interaction. Now, the accent is on larning as a originative procedure of find, look and development. â€Å" In this instance, the intent of the CALL activity is non so much to hold pupils detect the right reply, but instead to excite pupils ‘ treatment, composing, or critical thought † ( Warschauer, 1996, p. 3 ) . Integrative: it focuses on a societal o socio-cognitive position of acquisition. The usage of linguistic communication in a more reliable context is emphasised, which encourages pupils to build intending utilizing computing machines. This stage is based on two of import technological developments: multimedia and the Internet. Multimedia engineering, brings many advantages and it can merely be found in a computing machine. â€Å" What makes multimedia even more powerful is that it besides entails interactive multimedia. That means that the multimedia resources are all linked together and that scholars can voyage their ain way merely by indicating and snaping a mouse † ( Warschauer, 1996, p. 4 ) . The Internet with the Web 2.0 offers all users the possibility to make, upload and edit texts, besides other synergistic tools. Learners can make and interchange information freely. The development from one phase to another does non intend the rejection of the old phase. All of them are integrated and complement to each other. At present, CALL is in trend and many research workers have agreed on the advantages it gives to larn a foreign linguistic communication. It is noticeable that CALL might give the possibility to larn a linguistic communication as it can be â€Å" a coach which offers linguistic communication drills or skill pattern ; a stimulation for treatment and interaction ; or a tool for composing and research. With the coming of the Internet, it can besides be a medium of planetary communicating and a beginning of illimitable reliable stuffs † ( Warschauer, 1996, p. 7 ) . As said by Garret ( 1991 ) , computing machines can â€Å" function a assortment of utilizations for linguistic communication instruction but the usage of the computing machine does non represent a method but a medium in which a assortment of methods, attacks, and pedagogical doctrines may be implemented † ( p. 75 ) . Teachers appear to be the 1s who are responsible for presenting new technological methods to their categories and guide pupils towards a better acquisition. Computers as instruction and acquisition tools Reading and vocabulary: utilizing computing machines in the schoolroom for reading, which include articles taken from the Internet, might back up the development of reading accomplishments among pupils. Kasper ( 2000 ) states that these reading stuffs which are taken from the Internet supply a assortment of modern, reliable texts if compared to stuffs sourced from text editions. As some research workers have conducted assorted surveies on the usage of engineering in foreign linguistic communication instruction, there is one empirical survey which showed that two dissimilar group of pupils were given the same linguistic communication activity, but in different manners: in the traditional pen-and-paper format and utilizing computing machines. After the activity, Bruce & A ; Levin ( 1997 ) were able to place the different grades of motive towards both undertakings reasoning that computer-assisted version of the activity was found more extremely actuating and good for the group of scholars which were observed. The accomplishment of authorship, for illustration, is at present the topic of a considerable sum of research. Mills ( 1996 ) affirms that composing is chiefly a societal act concerned foremost and first with knowledge and ever associated to context. In general, composing seems to be a lone act in which pupils by and large fulfil an assignment either at place or at school to be handed in to their instructors. â€Å" The societal facets of authorship are diminished when there is a limitation on the societal infinite where readers and authors come together † ( Mills, 1996, p. 2 ) . Therefore, utilizing the tools that the cyberspace is offering might assist to foreshorten the distance between authors and readers. Communication with native talkers allows scholars to rehearse specific accomplishments such as discussing, inquiring for elucidation, negociating significance, carrying others, clear uping different facets, inquiring for information, etcetera. Warschauer and Meskill ( 2000 ) province that â€Å" Computer based treatment which takes topographic point outside the schoolroom increases pupils ‘ chances to pass on in another forum, affording both general linguistic communication pattern and pattern in composing † ( p. 8 ) . Harmonizing to Larson ( 1999 ) , the transactional nature of the Internet and the pedagogical relevancy of state-of-the-art web-based synergistic engineerings make web-based direction a feasible vehicle for foreign linguistic communication instruction. There could more research done in this country to farther look into the option of utilizing the Internet to ease foreign linguistic communication acquisition and therefore, chief findings will function as sharing research-based cognition which will enrich the different probes that have been done so far. Bergel and Gonzalez ( Ibid. ) argues that word-processors, web logs, wikis and electronic mails among others seem to lend to the acquisition of a foreign linguistic communication and increase pupils ‘ motive advancing contact with reliable linguistic communication. Computers ought to be integrated in the school environment as it has become an progressively of import characteristic of the acquisition state of affairs for pupils in general, every bit good as a important component to the instruction of a foreign linguistic communication and that is the ground why instructors should happen a manner to present it in the teaching-learning state of affairs The innovation of the printing imperativeness has transformed the rational life of the universe and has improved the acquisition conditions. By the same item, computing machines have done a similar work presents for, with the chink of a mouse, we are able to see what is taking topographic point in the universe. Therefore, Larson ( Ibid. ) claims that it is highly important to see these chances that engineering offers to the educational system taking history of the pupils ‘ degree that is the most suited in each state of affairs. In the present survey, the advantages of utilizing engineering for larning a foreign linguistic communication will be discussed, seeking to show such advantages upon a group of scholars. What function does the teacher ( instructor ) drama in this facet, and how of import is the teacher ‘s presence? What is the engineering ‘s consequence on the acquisition of the foreign linguistic communication and accomplishments? Do pupils bask the experience and feel motivated? Do pupils comprehend that they improved their accomplishment or public presentation in larning with the aid of engineering? The replies to these inquiries will be examined in the present research.